Hydrocarbons acenaphthene

Schocken, M.J. and Gibson, D.T. Bacterial oxidation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons acenaphthene and acenaphthylene, AppL Environ. Microbiol, 48(1) 10-16, 1984. 

Komatsu, T., Omori, T. Kodama, T. (1993). Microbial degradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons acenaphthene and acenaphthylene by a pure bacterial culture. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 57, 864—5. 

Acenaphthene. Acenaphthene [83-32-9] is a hydrocarbon, present in high temperature coal tar (6). Acenaphthene may be halogenated,... 

Oscik and Chojnacka [63] use TEC adsorption in the investigation of six aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, diphenyl, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, and acenaphthene) on silica gel G by elution with different binary mobile phases (trichloroethylene-benzene, carbon tetrachloride-benzene, n-heptane-trichloroethylene. 

Nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are environmental contaminants which have been detected in airborne particulates, coal fly ash, diesel emission and carbon black photocopier toners. These compounds are metabolized Tn vitro to genotoxic agents through ring oxidation and/or nitroreduction. The details of these metabolic pathways are considered using 4-nitrobiphenyl, 1- and 2-nitronaphthalene, 5-nitro-acenaphthene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, 6-nitro-chrysene, 1-nitropyrene, 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,8-dinitro-pyrene, and 1-, 3- and 6-nitrobenzo[a] pyrene as examples ... 

Hydrindene, see Indan Hydrindonaphthene, see Indan 1,8-Hydroacenaphthylene, see Acenaphthene Hydrobroinic ether, see Ethyl bromide Hydrocarbon propellant A-17, see Bntane Hydrochloric ether, see Chloroethane Hydrofuran, see Tetrahydrofuran Hydrogen carboxylic acid, see Formic acid Hydrophenol, see Cyclohexanol Hydroqninol, see Hydroquinone Hydroqninole, see Hydroquinone a-Hydroqninone, see Hydroquinone p-Hydroqninone, see Hydroquinone 6-Hydroxyacenaphthenone, see Acenaphthene Hydroxybenzene, see Phenol... 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Two- or Three-Ring Compounds Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Methylnaphthalene Naphthalene Phenanthrene... 

The major oxidation product isolated was anthracene, perhaps formed in part from the hydroperoxide (I). However, significant amounts of potassium superoxide accompanied the anthracene. This result suggests that the major source of anthracene involved the oxidation of the dianion. In pure DMSO in the presence of excess potassium tert-butoxide, a trace of oxygen converts 9,10-dihydroanthracene, 9,10-dihy-drophenanthrene, or acenaphthene to the hydrocarbon radical anions. These products are apparently formed in the oxidation of the hydrocarbon dianions. 

Of numerous chloral condensations with aromatic hydrocarbons the most interesting for the synthesis of condensation monomers are the reactions with benzene [3], toluene [4], acenaphthene [5], phenol [6], anisol [7], acetanilide [8] and halobenzenes like chlorobenzene [9] and fluorobenzene [10]. In general terms, these reactions proceed according to Scheme 2.2 and give the desired 1,1,1-trichloro-... 

More recent work by Hopff and Koulen 0 further broadened the scope of the reaction by including an assortment of dieubstituted benzenes, and also biphenyl and acenaphthene. Somerville and Spoerri,1 05-1 4 moreover, have examined the action of isobutylene oxide and 2,3-epoxybutane on benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride Mixtures of alcohols and hydrocarbons were isolated, as in previous work. 

Thermochemical data are available (Ref 2) on the heats of combustion and formation for all five isomers, on the heats of nitration from various Dinitrotoluenes for the 23,4-, 2,4,5-, and 2,3,6-isomers, and on the heats of crystn for the 2,3,4- and 2,4,5-isomers. Data are also available (Ref 1) on the shock sensitivities of all of the isomers except 2,3,6-, and on the rates of decompn at 140° of the 23,4-, 2,4,5-, and 23,5-isomers. The detonation pressure and the temp coefficient of decompn between 140 and 180° have been measured for the 2,4,5-isomer 2,3,4- and 2,4,5-TNT form addition compds ( 7r-complexes ) at 1 1 molar ratio with several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene) (Ref 2). 2,4,5-TNT forms complexes with 4-aminozaobenzene, 4-aminoacetophenone, bis (2 hydroxy ethyl) amine, and tris (2-hydroxy-ethyl) amine (Ref 1). The first two have a 1 1 molar ratio, the third 1 2, and the fourth 2 1. Upon heating, the two 4-amino compds react with replacement of the 5-nitro group, as discussed below... 

Beltran et al. (1996a) investigated the advanced oxidation of the aqueous solution of three polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fluorene, phenanthrene, and acenaphthene. The oxidative mechanism of substrates by 03 alone, 03 combined with H202, UV radiation (254 nm) alone, or a combination of UV/H202 has been analyzed. In addition, the influence of different water sources, such as surface and organic-free waters, and type of occurring oxidation was also studied. 

In the case of aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, the dataset used was fluorene, acenaphthene, and phenanthrene ... 

Fig. 2.20. Composition (mean%) of 16 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to total PAHs detected in various environmental media in (a) air (n = 24), (b) soil (n = 226), (c) freshwater (n = 46), and (d) marine sediment (n = 159), from the South Korea. Naphthalene NAP, Acenaphthylene ACY, Acenaphthene ACE, Fluorine FLU, Phenanthrene PHE, Anthracene ANT, Fluoranthene FLT, Pyrene PYR, Benz[a]ant-hracene BaA, Chrysene CHR, Benzo[6]fluoranthene BbF, Benzo[ ]fluoranthene BkF, Benzo[a]pyrene BaP, Indeno[l,2,3,c,d]pyrene I123cdP, Dibenz[a,/z]anthracene DahA, Ben-zo[g,/y ]perylene BghiP.

Table XII presents compositional data for the aromatic hydrocarbons present in the anthracene oil. Compounds in the -12(H), -14(H), -18(H), and -22(H) series account for 78% of the aromatic hydrocarbons. The -12(H) compounds identified by GC/MS include naphthalene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene and at least 5 naphthalenes possessing 2 alkyl carbons. By GC/MS, acenaphthene and biphenyl account for 94% and 6%, respectively, of the first homolog in the -14(H) series. The parent member of the -18(H) series (C2.4H10 waS PreParat -ve -y isolated using GC and identified by UV and NMR to be >98% phenanthrene. The dominance of phenanthrene over anthracene in both high- and low- temperature coal tars has been previously noted (29,30,40,41,42,43). Thus, phenanthrene and presumably its alkylated homologs comprise the -18(H) Z series and account for 15.4% of the anthracene oil. The initial homolog in the -22(H) series, is comprised of 58%...

Fig. 10.1. Separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on columns packed with Spherisorb ODS particles. Conditions (A) 35(43) cm x 50 pm i.d. fused silica capillary column packed with 3 pm Spherisorb ODS-1 particles (B) 41(53) cm x 75 pm i.d. fused-silica capillary column packed with 5 pm Spherisorb ODS-1 particles 30 kV applied voltage 5 kV, 5 s electrokinetic injection acetonitrile-50 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.1 (80 20 v/v). Peak identifications 1, benzene 2, naphthalene 3, acenaphthylene 4, fluorene 5, acenaphthene 6, phenanthrene 7, anthracene 8, fluoranthene 9, pyrene 10, benz[n]anthracene 11, chrysene 12, benzo[6]fluoranthene 13, benzo[fc]fluoranthene 14, benzo[a]pyrene 15, dibenz[n,/i]anthracene 16, indeno[7,2,3-af]pyrene 17,...

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phen-anthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene)... 

According to Jeffemov and Tikhomirova [10], 2,4,6-trinitro-m-xylene contrary to both sym-trinitrobenzene and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene does not combine with such hydrocarbons as acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene or naphthalene. 

With aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, anthracene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, retene, picryl chloride forms addition compounds with the mol. ratio 1 1. 

It is obvious here to think of an interaction of the Debye type of the appreciable moment of the nitro or carbonyl group with the readily polarizable unsaturated C — C bond in the unsaturated hydrocarbons or with the likewise readily polarizable free electron pair in the amines, etc. Actually the stability increases with increasing polarizability, compare for example, the heat of formation of j-trinitrobenzene with, respectively, benzene, naphthalene and anthracene AH 0.6, 3.4 and 4.4 kcal. In the series mono-, di- and tri-nitro-benzene with acenaphthene AH also increases with increasing number of partial moments, namely AH — o, 1.35 and 2.45 kcal. Nevertheless this explanation is inadequate, nitromethane with a moment [x = 3.54 D gives very much less stable compounds than nitrobenzene with (X = 4,22 D, while nitrosobenzene with [x =3.2 D gives stronger colour effects than nitrobenzene. 

The oxidizing agent employed is not very powerful, and, although it attacks easily the particularly reactive anthracene, it is not suitable for the conversion of hydrocarbons of the naphthalene and phenanthrene series into the corresponding quinones or for the oxidation of acenaphthene or fluorgne (observation of the checkers). 

---