Static apparatus

Sasse, K., Jose, J., Merlin, J.-C. (1988) A static apparatus for measurement of low vapor pressures. Experimental results on high molecular-weight hydrocarbons. Fluid Phase Equil. 42, 287-304. 

At temperatures above about 2500 K, thermal agitation alone is usually sufficient to make the stable phase form in a few seconds or less. Diamond can form from molten carbon (4000 K) in a few milliseconds. The pressures required for diamond stability are then upwards of 10 GPa, which are not economic for static apparatus, and the diamond crystals are very small. However, dynamic pres-... 

FIGURE 12 Pressure versus depth in Earth. Crust, mantle, and core boundaries and densities are indicated along with pressures attainable with the diamond anvil and large-volume static apparatus. 

Rarey, J. R. Gmehling, 1. Computer-operated differential static apparatus for the measurement of vapor—liquid equilibrium data. Fluid Phase Equilib. 1993, 83, 279-287. 

In a static apparatus open to the atmosphere, pressure is applied by the increased height of the raised column of solution caused by the flow of solvent through the membrane into the solution. I n a dynamic apparatus in a closed system, pressure is applied by the increased force of a piston confining the solution (preventing solvent flow). 

Marshal JS, Palmer WM (1948) The distribution of rain-drops with size. J Atmos Sci 5 165-166 Mircea M, Stefan S, Fuzzi S (2000) Precipitation scavenging coefficient influence of measured aerosol and raindrop size distributions. Atmos Environ 34 5169-5174 Monte MJS, Santos LMNBF, Fulem M, Fonseca IMS, Sousa CAD (2006) New static apparatus and vapor pressure of reference materials naphthalene, benzoic acid, benzophenone, and ferrocene. J Chem Eng Data 51 757-766... 

Figure 21 Turbopumped static apparatus with electron-beam heating.

It is impossible to generalize the effect of steam drying on product quality. Table 20.2 gives a summary of tests carried out at McGill University on batch drying of hand-sheets in a static apparatus in which the samples were dried under an impingement flow of superheated steam. Note that the effects are all positive relative to air drying or, at most, comparable. In Finland, similar tests on paper dried on a dynamic pilot-scale apparatus have yielded comparable results. 

Figure 4 McGlashan and Williamson s static apparatus (Reproduced by permission from Trans. Faraday Soc, 1961, 57, 588)...

Krichevski and Tsiklis have described a static apparatus for investigating gas-gas equilibria up to 2000 MPa. The basic design of the apparatus is illustrated in Figure 15. It consists of a high-pressure cylinder containing a... 

Static apparatus for investigating gas-gas equilibria used by Krishevskii and... 

The surface irregularities in the longitudinal and, mainly, in the transverse direction (rut depth) may be measured by a simple static apparatus known as straightedge. 

Fig. 5. (A) Spore train. (B) Static apparatus. (C) Apparatus to measure distance of spore discharge.

The coverage determined by a static apparatus with oxygen is 0.98 at 25 C. On raising the temperature by 100 C at the same partial pressure of oxygen, the coverage changes to 0.1. What is the heat of adsorption ... 

The principles of recycling presented in this section apply equally to continuous processes taking place in flows, and to processes carried out in static apparatus according to the pseudo-continuous method. 

The essentials of the pseudo-continuous method are that the study of the continuous process is carried out in static apparatus (autoclave) by carrying out conversion cycles consecutively, while carefully maintaining the systems of movement and combination of the flows under the flow conditions. 

In Section 13.5.4 we discussed that use of the so-called static apparatus in vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements provide only the temperature, pressure, and liquid phase composition values of the equilibrium system. Let us now examine how the vapor phase composition is determine from such measurements, by considering the case of a binary system. 

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