Hydrocaibon

The classes of hydrocaibons aie alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and arenes. Alkanes aie hydrocaibons in which all of the bonds aie single bonds and aie chaiacteiized by the moleculai fonnula C H2 +2-... 

Hydrocaibons that contain a caibon-caibon triple bond are called alkynes. Non-cyclic alkynes have the molecular formula C H2 -2- Acetylene (HC=CH) is the simplest alkyne. We call compounds that have then- triple bond at the end of a carbon chain (RC=CH) monostibstitrited, or terminal, alkynes. Disubstituted alkynes (RC=CR ) have internal triple bonds. You will see in this chapter that a carbon-carbon triple bond is a functional group, reacting with many of the same reagents that react with the double bonds of alkenes. 

Diacetylene (HC=C—C=CH) has been identified as a component of the hydrocaibon-rich atmospheres of Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It is also present in the atmospheres of Titan and Triton, satellites of Saturn and Neptune, respectively. 

In naming alkynes the usual lUPAC rules for hydrocaibons aie followed, and the suffix -am is replaced by -yne. Both acetylene and ethyne aie acceptable lUPAC nfflnes for HC=CH. The position of the triple bond along the chain is specified by number in a manner analogous to alkene nomenclature. 

The physical properties of aienes resemble those of other hydrocaibons. 

Section 12.17 Polycyclic aiomatic hydrocaibons undergo the same kind of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions as benzene. 

Organolithium and organomagnesium compounds are stable species when prepaied in suitable solvents such as diethyl ether. They aie strongly basic, however, and react instantly with proton donors even as weakly acidic as water and alcohols. A proton is transfened from the hydroxyl group to the negatively polaiized caibon of the organometallic compound to fomn a hydrocaibon. 

Our experience to this point has been that C—H bonds aie not very acidic. Com-paied with most hydrocaibons, however, aldehydes and ketones have relatively acidic protons on theii a-caibon atoms. pK "s for enolate fonnation from simple aldehydes and ketones aie in the 16 to 20 range. 

Ethyl Benzene.h lttig s reaction, so-called fiom its (liscoveiei, is analogous to the synthetical method cin[iloycd by Wurt/ foi the prepar.ition of the aliphatic hydrocaibons, as in the foiiiiation of butane from ethyl bromide,... 

Benzaldehyde.—The aldehydes of the aromatic seiies may also be obtained by the oxidation of a methyl side-chain with chromium oxychloride. The solid brown product, C,H,.CH.)(CrO,CL)2, formed by adding C1O2CIJ to toluene, dissolved in carbon bisulphide, is decomposed with water, and benzaldehyde sepaiates out (Etard). Other methods for pie-paring aromatic aldehydes are (i) the Fiiedel-Crafts reaction, in which a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride aie passed into the hydrocaibon in presence of aluminium chloride and a little cuprous chloride,... 

Benzoic Acid.—Tire o idation of the side-chains m aiomatic hydrocaibons is a mattei of considerable intci est, as illustrating the diffeience of stability of the side-chain and nucleus, and also the influence which the rehitive positions of the side-chains, where more than one is present, exeit in piescnce of oxidisiny agents. 

Duo-Sol A process for separating aromatic from aliphatic hydrocaibons by partition between two solvents. The first solvent (Selecto or Selectox) is a mixture of phenol and cresylic acids the second is liquid propane. Developed by the Max B. Miller Company and licensed by Milwhite Company. 

Dynaphen A process for converting mixed alkyl phenols (from coal liquids or lignin) to benzene, phenol, and fuel gas, by noncatalytic hydrogenation at high temperature. Developed and offered by Hydrocaibon Research. 

Dynatol A continuous process for making sorbitol. Developed by Hydrocaibon Research before 1982. 

Diesel fuel is produced by distilling raw oil, which is extracted from bedrock. Diesel is a fossil fuel, consisting of hydrocarbons with between 9 and 27 carbon atoms in a chain, as well as a smaller amount of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metal compounds. It is a general properly of hydrocarbons that the autoignition temperature is higher for more volatile hydrocaibons. The hydrocarbons present in the diesel fuels include alkanes, naphthenes, olefins and aromatics. 

Hydrocaibons Free radical chlorination or bromfriatlon of alkanes gives a complex... 

Williams LB, Ferrell RE, Hutcheon I, Bakel AJ, Walsh MM, Krouse HR (1995) Nitrogen isotope geochemistry of organic matter and minerals during diagenesis and hydrocaibon migration. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59 765-779... 

Kinetics of Aromatic Nitrations. The kinetics of aromatic nitrations are functions of temperature, which affects the kinetic rate constant, and of the compositions of both the acid and hydrocaibon phase. In addition, a larger interifacial area between the two phases increases the rates of nitration since the main reactions occur at or near the interface. Larger interfacial areas are oblaincd by increased agitation and by ihc proper choice of the volumetric % acid in the liquid-liquid dispersion. The viscosities and densities of the two phases and the interfacial tension between the phases are important physical properties affecting the interfacial area. 

Very little work has been done on reactions involving nucleophiles formed from hydrocarbons.124-142 The limitation on basicity of the carbanion, so that it does not react with solvent, has led to use of conjugated hydrocaibons, such as dienes or alkenes conjugated with aromatic rings. When initiated by dissolving alkali metal in liquid ammonia, complex mixtures are often produced on account of reduction processes,124 and regiochemistry and multiplicity of arylation in conjugated systems also create prob-... 

Time - resolved spectra of a solid hydrocarbon layer on the surface of an internal reflection element, interacting with an aqueous solution of a nonionic surfactant, can be used to monitor the detergency process. Changes in the intensity and frequency of the CH2 stretching bands, and the appearance of defect bands due to gauche conformers indicate penetration of surfactant into the hydrocaibon layer. Perturbation of the hydrocarbon crystal structure, followed by displacement of solid hydrocaibon from the IRE surface, are important aspects of solid soil removal. Surfactant bath temperature influences detergency through its effects on both the phase behavior of the surfactant solution and its penetration rate into the hydrocaibon layer. 

This review is limited to the polymerization of hydrocaibon dienes and olefins by means of organolithium initiators. It is not intended to include activated olefins or dienes that can be polymerized by bases of far lower reactivity or that do not involve direct caibon-lithium bonding. 

The ideal dilithium compound for use in the synthesis of ABA diene-olefin copolymers should be highly difunctional, hydrocaibon-soluble, and stable to storage, as well as being conveniently prepared (preferably in the absence of polar ligands) from available starting materials. Unfortunately, many known dilithium compounds fail to conform to some or all of these criteria. 

For example, simple dilithioalkanes (e.g., 1,4-dilithiobutane) are not purely difunctional, and are insoluble when prepared in hydrocaibon solvents (81). Monofunctional impurities are especially undesirable because they lead to AB diblocks that reduce the material properties of the ABA copolymers. 

The literature in this area up untU 1975 has been reviewed by Kieslich. In common with acyclic hy-diocaiixMts, simple unsubstituted cyclic hydrocaibons give poor yields of hydroxylated products with most microorganisms, either due to cascade degradation or volatilization of the product during the reaction. 

Note hydrocaibon radical cations are conjugate acids of the hydrocaibyl radical.)... 

The standard hydrocaibon substrate that has been used to determine the relative selectivities of nitrenes for tertiary, secondary and primary unactivated C—H bonds is 2-methylbutane, and the results of... 

Tetramethylcyclopropane (2 equation 7) is the simplest strained hydrocaibon which is easily oxidized by the anodic methc in methanol to give two products with a total yield ofl %f... 

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