Hydraulic connections

Since industrial cells are almost always flow cells, another important parameter is the arrangement of electrolyte flow through the cell stack. Electrolyte can flow through the cell stack in series or in parallel (Fig. 5.5). 

FIGURE 5.4. Ways of introducing current to electrodes, (a) monopolar (b) bipolar. 

FIGURE 5. Electrolyte flow arrangements, (a) parallel flow (b) series flow A = anode C = cathode D = diaphragm AF = anolyte flow CF = catholyte flow. 

FIGURE 5.6. Electrolyte flow arrangements, (a) Internal (b) external A = anolyte C = cath-olyte—catholyte flow not shown for (b). 

TABLE 5.1. Characteristics of Internal and External Electrolyte Distribution 

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Well development refers to the process of removing drilling fluids and fine-grained materials from near the well screen. Their removal helps the subsequent collection of nonturbid samples and improves the hydraulic connection between the well and the aquifer. 

This chapter demonstrates the usefulness of stable isotopes in investigating groundwater-lake systems. The discussion emphasizes isotopic applications to groundwater-lake systems characteristic of the temperate glaciated regions of the north-central and northeastern United States. Thus, it is also applicable to similar systems in other glaciated parts of the world, such as the Scandinavian peninsula and northern Asia. The applications stem from our experience with lake systems in the lake district of north-central Wisconsin. As such, we restrict our discussion to shallow groundwater systems that are hydraulically connected to freshwater lakes. 

Fig. 52. Hydraulic connection in series of cells with bipolar electrodes.

The same is valid for individual cells of the press-filter type electrolyzer they can also be hydraulically connected in series or in parallel. In the ease of a connection in series the inlet and outlet openings are alternately connected in pairs in the case of a connection in parallel all openings on one side of the frame are connected so that they form a channel. 

The description of a horizontal electrolyzer given below concerns a unit operating under a current load of approximately 20 000 A. The electrolyzer has a shape of an an iron trough 14.000 mm long and 600 mm wide. Parallel to the electrolyzer equally long and 300 mm wide decomposition trough (de-nuder) is located. The two sections are hydraulically connected, at one end by... 

Hydraulic connectivity in the vertical and lateral flow zones. Hydraulic connectivity is poor in the vertical downflow zone and significantly higher in a lateral base flow zone. 

The hydraulic connectivity is much better along the flow paths of the lateral flow zone. This is best demonstrated on coastal plains groundwater flows from the mountain foothills toward the sea, and along these flow paths local recharge water is added and intermixed. 

Concentration of Conservative Dissolved Ions Serving as a Check of Hydraulic Connectivity... 

In an attempt to deal with such unwanted substances as radioactive and chemical wastes, disposal sites are often used that are hydraulically connected with usable water supplies via subsurface transport routes. To manage these wastes effectively, it is desirable to have the capability of predicting the course of solute transport along these connecting routes. 

FIGURE 3-12 (a) A well located in an aquifer that is hydraulically connected to a stream. In... 

Figure 3-12a depicts a well located in an aquifer that is hydraulically connected to a stream. Figure 3-12b shows the streamlines associated with three different rates of well pumpage (Qw). In the absence of pumping from the well, water flow in the aquifer would be perpendicular to the stream, and isopotentials would be parallel to the stream the stream is assumed to be a constant head boundary. (For this to be a good approximation, the stream depth must be a large fraction of the aquifer thickness, as shown.) When the... 

The torque converter is a type of fluid coupling device that hydraulically connects the engine to the transmission—analogous to a mechanical clutch. Used in conjunction with the torque converter is a stator, which essentially assists at low engine speeds, thus increasing acceleration. The vanes inside the converter alter the shape of the fluid path into the stator. The stator captures the kinetic energy of the transmission to enhance torque multiplication. This process will not only increase heat, but also increase shear of the transmission fluid. In addition to torque conversion, at every shift event, clutch packs generate heat, which must be carried away by the transmission fluid. 

The small head differential, exhibited throughout the year, between the water-table aquifer and the upper permeable zone indicates that although the residuum acts as a confining unit for the Upper Floridan aquifer, vertical leakage does occur through the base of the residuum, and there is some degree of hydraulic connection between the two hydrologic zones. 

Because the residuum water-table aquifer and the upper permeable zone are hydraulically connected, they respond rapidly (within hours) to seasonal fluctuations in precipitation. During winter and spring of 1983, the water levels in the residuum and the upper permeable zone rose in response to increased precipitation and decreased evapotranspiration. Water levels in the residuum and the upper permeable zone declined during the summer and fall as precipitation decreased and evapotranspiration increased. During late fall, decreased evapotranspiration and increased precipitation caused the water levels to rise. 

The water-table aquifer is hydraulically connected to the upper permeable zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer, and water infiltrates through the residuum to recharge the upper permeable zone. 

Shallow aquifers occur close to the ground surface and their groundwater is said to be unconflned, being in direct continuity with the atmosphere and often in hydraulic connection with surface water bodies (rivers and lakes). They are made up of two distinct zones a) tlie unsaturated zone , closest to the ground surface, where vertical seepage predominates but some water is often held in the finer pore space, and, below... 

Indeed, often many shallow and deeper aquifers are separated by less permeable geological horizons, known as aquitards, which retard, reduce and deflect subsurface water flow in these cases, hydraulic connections do exist between adjacent aquifers, and significant water exchange can take place between them. Sets of hydraulically connected aquifers form aquifer systems, and this is today often the unit taken or the scale used to study, protect and manage groundwater resources. Aquifer systems are in turn separated by aquicludes, made of highly impermeable material, which do not allow water to get across. 

In the Shigejie mine field, the aquifer group of Taiyuan formation in Upper Carboniferous (hydraulic connection with coal seam No. 15. Among this group, the limestone karst fractured aquifer Kj is widely distributed and has an average separation of 4.33 m away from the roof of coal... 

Transport experiments were conducted on the intact cores at a variety of water contents using saturated and unsaturated flow experimental techniques (24, 25, 38). The intact cores were epoxied into PVC pipe and enqtlaced into fabricated Plexiglas endcaps. The cores were hydraulically connected to a membrane inside the endplate to facilitate either saturated or imsaturated flow. Under saturated conditions, influent solution was ponded (1-2 cm) at the upper boundary to facilitate delivery into the cores, and efiluent was collected in a high-capacity fraction collector. Under unsaturated conditions, a vatmum-... 

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