Cellulose hydrated

Under the name hydrated cellulose are grouped all those workable forms of cellulose in which it has simply undergone a mechanical transformation into the swollen state. The most important forms are paper, parchment or vellum paper, and vulcan fiber. 

Unsized paper from linters or soda wood pulp is likewise made up into vulcanized fiber. The paper roll tracks are welded together by a parch-mentization process involving treatment with 70% ZnCl2 solution at 50-70 C, forming a sandwichlike material. Thick parchment paper and thin vulcan fiber are almost identical. A cellulose hydrate is considered to be formed in the parchmentization process  

In the mercerization process, cotton is treated in a caustic soda solution of 10-25% under stress. As the crystallinity decreases, cellulose I is converted into cellulose II. The process increases the diameter of the fibers, shortens them, and gives them a high lustre. 

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Hydrat-zellulose, /. hydrate cellulose, -zu-stsud, m. state of hydration. 

Hydrated Cellulose, C,2 Hx 0,0 -H2 0, mw 342.30 name proposed by Cross and Bevan for substances recovered from cellulose that has been mercerized (by treatment with aqueous NaOH) and then washed out, or that which has been converted into viscose and then regenerated... 

The name hydrated cellulose is now considered to be obsolete, and the term "dispersed" cellulose has become more general (Refs 1 2). Hydrated cellulose gives off 1 mol of water at 120-125° while hydrocellulose retains it obstinately (Ref 2). See also Amyloid in Vol 1, p A398-L... 

Hydrocellulose differs from hydrated cellulose in its properties (Ref 3). According to Stettbacher (Ref 5) hydrocellulose lies between the hydrated cellulose and oxycellulose. Its use as a flash reducer in a propellant has been claimed by C.R. Franklin in USP 1564549 (1925) CA 20, 505 (1926). Accdg to CIOS Rept 31-68 (1945), pp 6-7, hydrocellulose was used during WWII by Germans in some rocket propellants, presumably to improve their burning characteristics. For instance the so-called Ammon-pulver contained 5% hydrocellulose and the EP (Einheitspulver) contained about 3%. Hydrocellulose was also used in some rocket propellants to increase the rate of burning at low temperature... 

This product, after keeping for four or five days, is pressed through a rose perforated with small holes into a coagulating bath containing, for example, aqueous sulphuric acid (10 per cent.), when hydrated cellulose is precipitated in solid threads, which after purification and washing constitute viscose silk. 

Compounds of this type are unstable, and hydrolyse in water, hence sodium hydroxide can be completely removed by water washing. In effect swollen cellulose is produced. Formerly, in view of the difficulty of removing the water contained in such cellulose by drying, it was called hydrated cellulose, the idea that it represented a water-cellulose compound, a cellulose hydrate , being current at that time. 

X-Ray investigations on regenerated cellulose have shown that its structure approximates to the constitution of hydrated cellulose, i.e. mercerized cotton. 

C.D.Pratt, USP 1590393(1926) CA 20,3086 (1926) [The constituents of BkPdr mixed with a carbo-hydrate(cellulose, glucose or starch) with NH4C1 in order to lessen their tendency to ignite flammable gases] (Compare with Ref 33)... 

BN fibers can be made by decomposition of hydrated cellulose impregnated with boric acid or ammonium tetraborate (NH4B407) in ammonia and nitrogen atmosphere at elevated temperatures (>1000 °C) [148, 149]. 

FORMATION OF ORDERED CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES AT PYROLYSIS OF HYDRATED CELLULOSE CONTAINING THE METALS OF FERROUS SUBGROUP... 

Abstract. The influence of the additions of the metal salts of the ferrous subgroup on the process of carbonisation of hydrated cellulose fibers has been investigated and the structure of obtained Me-carbon fibers has been studied. It is established that the presence in the hydrated cellulose fibers such salts as nickel chloride and nickel, cobalt and ferric nitrates promote the formation of structure ordered carbon phases at the process of carbonisation. 

At the present work the process of carbon structuring is studied at carbonization in temperature of heat treatment (THT) 400-900 °C of hydrated cellulose (HC) fibres, impregnated by the salts of metals of ferrous subgroup, that was resulting to formation of metal-carbon fibres (Me-CF). 

TABLE 1. Relation of change of intensity (I), interplanar spacing interval (d002), medium dimentions of ACD (Lc, La) for coal rest obtained after heat treatment of hydrated cellulose with the additions of the metal salts of ferrous subgroup... 

The foregoing aspects of graft copolymerization with cellulose as a heterogeneous process are crucial to the use of this method in technology, e.g. for the synthesis of graft-modified hydrated cellulose fibres7,685. 

Fig. 2. Isothenns of the sorption of water vapor by the following preparations / hydrate cellulose 2 mixed polysaccharide (III) containing 10 mol.-% of altro-pyranose units 3 mixed polysacdkride (III) containing 31 mol.-% of altropyranose units 4 cotton cellulose 5 mixed polysaccharide IV containing 3,6-anhydro-...

Cellulose is made up of saccharide units polymerized in chains containing many O—H groups and —O— links. X-ray diffraction and IR spectra show H bonds in these chains. Mark (1337) describes the evidence for H bonds in the ab plane of native cellulose ( Cellulose I ). The crystal modification called regenerated or hydrated cellulose ( Cellulose II ) is shown to have a different arrangement of H bonds. The two forms may be interconverted. There are further modifications, some hydrated, which are less well studied but which apparently are minor variations of Celluloses I and II (961). 

Schweitzer s Reagent.—Chemically it is an inert compound wholly insoluble in water, most neutral reagents and in dilute acids or alkalies under ordinary conditions. It is probable that no solvent dissolves cellulose without decomposition or hydration. The solvent most commonly used is an ammoniacal solution of copper oxide made by dissolving freshly precipitated copper hydroxide in ammonium hydroxide. This solution is known as Schweitzer s reagent. After solution in this reagent acids reprecipitate the cellulose as a hydrated cellulose. 

Nitro-Cellulose.—Concentrated nitric acid together with sulphuric acid however yields nitric acid esters of cellulose known as nitro celluloses which have important industrial uses as will be discussed presently. By complete oxidation of cellulose with nitric acid oxalic acid is obtained. Dilute solutions of alkalies below about 10 per cent, have no action on cellulose. When however cellulose is treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide above 10 per cent., best from 18 per cent, to 28 per cent, sodium cellulose is formed and this with water yields a hydrated cellulose. By this treatment the fibrous character of cotton remains but the fibres possess entirely new properties. This is the basis of what is known as Mercerized cotton (p. 372). On prolonged treatment with strong alkalies or by fusion cellulose is oxidized to oxalic acid... 

Viscose Silk.—III. From Cellulose Xanthate. We have referred to the solvent action of xanthic acid, which is the ethyl ether of di-thio-carbonic acid, viz., HS-CS-OC2H5. When sodium cellulose is dissolved in xanthic acid the cellulose is in the form of sodium cellulose xanthate. A solution properly prepared by treating cellulose with sodimn hydroxide and carbon di-sulphide in the presence of benzene or carbon tetra-chloride, in which polymerization of the cellulose compound is effected, is decomposed by forcing capillary streams of the solution into a solution of ammonium sulphate. The cellulose is thus obtained as in the other processes in the form of fine filaments of a hydrated cellulose possessing silk-like properties. Artificial silk of this type is known as viscose silk and is made in large quantities. In 1914 about 20,000,000 pounds of artificial silk were made, of which about 3,000,000 pounds were made in the United States. Most of this product was viscose silk. 

Hydrated cellulose (viscous) fibers, unwoven materials (e.g. felt), with different fiber interweaving and chemical reagents of high purity were used. Hydrated cellulose was chosen as a polymer precursor. Its structure is a complex system composed of micro-fibrils and micro- and macropores and also of a branched network of microscopic capillaries. Cellulose has a large inner surface that plays a determining role in absorption of aqueous or organic liquids with polymer molecules. Under the impregnation of hydrated cellulose with aqueous solutions of salts, the liquid fills the space between fibers, pores on the fiber surface and interacts with cellulose macromolecules. 

Using the natural polymer, hydrated cellulose, alumina nanocrystalline materials were successfully fabricated. The structure simulates the complex architecture of the origin biological matrix. They were composed of oxide nanograins, mesopores, and the branched system of capillars. These nanostructured alumina fibrous material possess the high absorption ability and may be used as drainage of purulent wound in medicine. 

Cellulose 11 (hydrated cellulose regenerated cellulose) Helicystis algae Dissolving and reprecipitating cellulose 1 mercerized fibers 0.792 0.908 1.034 117.0... 

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