Hyaluronate synthesis and

Song, S Hubert, P Lapicque, F Payan, E DeUacherie, E. Amphiphilic derivatives of sodium alginate and hyaluronate synthesis and physico-chemical properties of aqueous dilute solutions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2000, 43, 343-349. 

Luo, Y. and G. D. Prestwich. 1999. Synthesis and selective cytotoxicity of a hyaluronic acid-antitumor bioconjugateBioconjugate Cheml0 755-763. 

Shen Y, Li Q, Tu J et al (2009) Synthesis and characterization of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid-based cationic micelles for efficient siRNA delivery. Carbohydr Polym 77 (1) 95—104... 

Brecht, M. et al., Increased hyaluronate synthesis is required for fibroblast detachment and mitosis, Biochemistry, 239, 445, 1986. 

The possibility that insulin regulates utilization of D-glucose for the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides in the ground substance of connective tissues was explored by Schiller and Dorfman (S3). Incorporation of sodium acetate-C into hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate in the skins of alloxan-diabetic rats was found to be approximately one third of that in the skins of either normal or partially fasted animals. These data suggest that synthesis of connective tissue mucopolysaccharides is inhibited in insulin-deficient animals. 

The place of L-glutamine in hyaluronate synthesis is shown by experiments with methionine sulfoxide. Since methionine sulfoxide (2-amino-4-methylsulfinylbutyric acid) inhibits L-glutamine formation the addition of the sulfoxide to a culture of hemolytic streptococci inhibits hexosamine synthesis and, consequently, hyaluronate formation. This inhibition can take place at concentrations of methionine sulfoxide which are low enough not to inhibit hyaluronate synthesis with L-glutamine. ... 

Smith TJ, Bahn RS, Gorman CA. Hormonal regulation of hyaluronate synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts evidence for differences between retroocular and dermal fibroblasts. J Chn Endocrinol Metab 1989 69 1019-1023. 

Examples of the use of induced biosynthetic effects for the deduction of the processes involved include the use of puromycin and cyclohexi-mide. These compounds, according to experiments with other systems, inhibit protein synthesis. Thus the inhibition of biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate in human fibroblast cultures (M13, M16), of hyaluronic acid in synovial cells (S31), and of chondroitin sulfate (HI) led to the conclusion that the synthesis of protein acceptor is necessary for the polysaccharide chain initiation. Comparison of the effects of 1-butanol on the biosynthesis of chick cartilage chondroitin sulfate and streptococcal hyaluronic acid led to the suggestion that binding of Mg + ions and the uridine diphosphate moiety results in stabilization of the spatial arrangement of the specific enzymes (S47, T4). 

L2. Lamberg, S. I., and Dorfman, A., Synthesis and degradation of hyaluronic acid in the cultured fibroblasts of Marfan s disease. /. Clin. Incest, 2428-2433 (1973). 

Collier, J. H., Camp, J. R, Hudson, T. W. and Schmidt, C. E., Synthesis and characterization of polyp5n role hyaluronic acid composite biomaterials for tissue engineering applications,. Biomed. Mater. Res., 50, 574, 2000. 

Kafedjiiski, K. Jetti, R.K.R. Fbger, F. Hoyer, H. Werle, M. Hoffer, M. Bernkop-Schnllrch, A. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of thiolated hyaluronic acid for mucoadhesive drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2007, 343 (1-2), 48-58. 

Prehm (1983a) also explored the release of hyaluronate from the membranes and showed the phosphate esters prevented shedding of hyaluronate chains during active synthesis, but not under conditions where synthesis could not proceed. Oligosaccharides from hyaluronic acid would not displace it from membrane-bound synthetase, but it was released by trypsin or detergents. Hyaluronate chains appeared to be released randomly during synthesis and there was a continuous initiation of new chains even after two hours of incubation of membranes. 

Figure 5.5 The Mechanism of Hyaluronate Synthesis as Proposed by Prehm (1983b). The addition of a disaccharide unit is shown. Priming is not required and chains are initiated by the first transfer. Whether both of the two possible transfers can initiate synthesis is not known.

Creuzet, C., Kadi, S., Rinaudo, M., Auzely-Velty, R. New associative systems based on alkylated hyaluronic acid. Synthesis and aqueous solution properties. Polymer 47, 2706-2713 (2006)... 

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