Hyaluronic acid streptococcal

Hyaluronic acid Streptococcal spices and Bacillus subtilis Play a role in virulence. B... 

The infrared absorption spectra of hyaluronic acids from different sources are essentially similar. " Identical infrared absorption spectra are given by hyaluronate from Rous sarcomas and from umbilical cords. Shght quantitative differences between the spectra of hyaluronic acid from umbilical cord and of those from both myxoedemal " and streptococcal hyaluronate may be due to impurities. 

The mode of chain initiation in the synthesis of hyaluronic acid is not yet clear. In group A Streptococcus, inhibitors of protein synthesis do not interfere with the synthesis of hyaluronic acid, a result suggesting the absence of polypeptide backbone from streptococcal hyaluronic acid. Although the endogenous hyaluronic acid is bound to membrane(s), it can be separated from the membrane under mild conditions. ... 

Examples of the use of induced biosynthetic effects for the deduction of the processes involved include the use of puromycin and cyclohexi-mide. These compounds, according to experiments with other systems, inhibit protein synthesis. Thus the inhibition of biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate in human fibroblast cultures (M13, M16), of hyaluronic acid in synovial cells (S31), and of chondroitin sulfate (HI) led to the conclusion that the synthesis of protein acceptor is necessary for the polysaccharide chain initiation. Comparison of the effects of 1-butanol on the biosynthesis of chick cartilage chondroitin sulfate and streptococcal hyaluronic acid led to the suggestion that binding of Mg + ions and the uridine diphosphate moiety results in stabilization of the spatial arrangement of the specific enzymes (S47, T4). 

H.M. Schrager, J.G. Rheinwald, M.R. Wessels, Hyaluronic acid capsule and the role of streptococcal entry into keratinocytes in invasive skin infection, J. Clin. Invest. 98 (1996) 1954—1958. 

Haleys Dialyzed Iron and Related Methods, Hyaluronic acid was said by Hale to combine with dialyzed iron in acetic acid solution 89), After the sections were rinsed, the classical HCl - potassium ferrocyanide reaction was used to color (as Prussian blue) the sites of iron-binding. The need for fixatives that would not dissolve hyaluronic acid was emphasized. The specificity was established by exposing duplicate portions of tissue to streptococcal hyaluronidase, presumable filtrates, before staining. This prevented coloration of hyaluronic acid but not that of other acidic carbohydrates. 

Warren G.H., Gray J. (1959) Isolation and purification of streptococcal hyaluronic acid. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 102,125-127. 

Van de Rijn L, Drake R.R. (1992) Analysis of the streptococcal hyaluronic acid synthase complex using the photoafifinity probe 5-azido-UDP-glucuronic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267, 24302-24306. 

Investigations of a streptococcal, bacteriophage-borne enzyme that de-polymerizes hyaluronic acid have shown that it is a hyaluronate lyase. ... 

Determination of the ratio bctw een saturated and unsaturated disac-charide following digestion wdth streptococcal hyaluronidase is a convenient means of determining chain lengths of the polysaccharides susceptible to this enzyme. U.sing this method, the chain length of hyaluronic acid synthesized by the particulate enzyme in the presence of both nucleotides was estimated to be about 24,000. The time course of the reaction indicated that the synthesis of such a chain required approximately 2 -3 minutes. 

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