Hurricane winds

Nature of climate. Consider seasonal and daily temperature variations, dust, fog, tornados, hurricanes, earthquakes. Define duration of conditions for design. Determine from U.S. Weather Bureau yearly statistics for above, as well as rainfall. Establish if conditions for earthquakes, hurricanes prevail. For stormy conditions, structural design for 100 miles per hour winds usually sufficient. For hurricanes, winds of 125 miles per hour may be design basis. 

Contrast the motions of the molecules of a gas at rest to those in a hurricane wind. 

Hurricane winds and the accompanying intense long-lasting showers frequently threaten U.S. Gulf Coast Chemical Plants. It is not unusual for an area to prepare for one of these potentially dangerous storm systems every few summers. 

The wind speed during bora events may reach 25-30 m/s in selected cases on mountain passes it is as high as 60 m/s. Boras result in icing-over of ships and port constructions since seawater splashes immediately freeze over their surfaces. Many ships couldn t withstand the attack of bora and went down under the ice load and hurricane winds. 

Category 1 Hurricane — winds 74 95 mph (64-82 knots) pressure greater than 980 mhar storm surge 3-5 ft (1.0-1.7m)... 

Category 2 Hurricane — winds 96-110 mph (83-95 knots) pressure 979-965 mhar storm surge 6-8 ft (1.8-2.6 m) Some damage to building roofs, doors and windows. 

Category 3 Hurricane — winds 111-130 mph (96-113 knots) pressure 964-945 mbar storm surge 9-12 ft (2.7-3.8 m)... 

Category 4 Hurricane — winds 131-155 mph (114-135 knots) pressure 944-920 mbar storm surge 13-18 ft (3.9-5.6 m)... 

Category 5 Hurricane — winds 156 mph and up (135+ knots) pressure less than 920 mbar storm surge 19+ ft (5.7+ m)... 

The coo Ii ng funct ion of this UHS system can be provided by cooling towers or the natural or man-made passive water sources (e.g., reservoirs, rivers or lakes). For the case of cooling towers, the structure should be designed to withstand the effects of natural phenomena including tornadoes, tornado missiles, hurricane winds, floods, and the design basis earthquake. 

Weekes, X, Balderrama, A., Gurley, K.., Pinelli, J.-R, Pita, G.L., Hamid, S. (2009), Physical Damage Modeling of Commercial-Residential Stmctures in Hurricane Winds Accepted for 11th American Conference of Wind Engineering. Puerto Rico. 

Stepan was the first to develop and conunercialize a continuous falling film SO3 sulfonation process. The design is a multitubular unit. The company operates about 12 falling film SO3 sulfonation units in the United States, not only for the production of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, but substantial amounts of fatty alcohol and fatty alcohol ethoxylates are also sulfated. Other key commercial reactor designs are by Chemithon, Ballestra SpA, Lion, Mazzoni SpA, and Meccaniche Modeme. Several features are common to all falling-film systems. Fatty alcohol and alcohol ethoxylates are reacted at a rate of about 0.3 kg/h/mm with SO3 concentration at about 2-3%. Liquid residence times are estimated at 10-30 s and most units operate with gas velocities in the range of hurricane wind velocities (121-322 km/h). ° Linear alcohols and linear alcohol ethoxylates are by far the easiest to sulfate. Caution is required with branched alcohols as color and conversion can suffer. 

Wind loading results from site conditions, including consideration of hurricane winds. This wind loading is considered for the design of all structures. However, wind loads are not applied simultaneously with seismic loads. 

E. M. Hendrickson, and E. Simiu, Directional Hurricane Wind Speeds. NBSIR86-3317, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, February 1986. 

---