Thyroid human

Thyroid-stimulating hormone can be used clinically to test thyroid function but has not found practical apphcation in the treatment of human thyroid insufficiency. Direct replacement therapy with thyroid hormone is easy and effective, owing to a simple molecular stmcture. TSH has been used in the veterinary treatment of hypothyroidism, and preparations of TSH ate produced by Cooper Animal Health, Inc. and Armour Pharmaceuticals. 

The main role of the human thyroid gland is production of thyroid hormones (iodinated amino acids), essential for adequate growth, development, and energy metaboHsm (1 6). Thyroid underfunction is an occurrence that can be treated successfully with thyroid preparations. In addition, the thyroid secretes calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin), a polypeptide that lowers excessively high calcium blood levels. Thyroid hyperfunction, another important clinical entity, can be corrected by treatment with a variety of substances known as antithyroid dmgs. 

Riches AC, Herceg Z, Bryant PE, et al. 1997. Radiation-induced transformation of SV40-immortalized human thyroid epithelial cells by single exposure to plutonium -particles in vitro. Int J Radiat Biol 72(5) 515-521. 

On the other hand, some receptors are truly promiscuous in that they can activate two or more G-proteins from quite different classes, even in their normal cellular environment. For example, similar concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH 0.1-100 U/ml) can stimulate the incorporation of 32P-GTP into a, aQ, a12, a13, as, and aq/11 through activation of the thyrotropin receptor in membranes from human thyroid gland. TRH activation of Ca2+ currents in GH3 cells is obtunded equally by antisense-depletion of l2, aa, and aq/11, but not of aQ. Some individual genotypic P2y nucleotide receptors can also couple with equal affinity to PTx-sensitive and PTx-insensitive G-proteins in sympathetic neurons. The degree, or otherwise, of such promiscuity is presumably determined by the structure of the receptor protein itself. 

Comparative evaluation of anti-human thyroid stimulating hormone (hTSH) antibody, bound to the fifth-generation ammonia core (N5) or the fifth-generation ethylenediamine core (E5) dendrimer (1), did not show any differences in either the effective protein concentrations or the shape of the dose-dependent response curves (calibration curves) as determined from the recovery of standard controls. All the other experiments described here were thus carried out with the fifth-generation (i.e. dia. = 70 A) particles of ethylenediamine core (E5) de-ndrimers. The later particles were selected for their ability to be produced reproducibly on a large scale. 

Wynford-Thomas, D., J. A. Bond, F. S. Wyllie, J. S. Burns, E. D. Williams, T. Jones, D. Sheer, and N. R. Lemoine. 1990. Conditional immortalization of human thyroid epithelial cells A tool for analysis of oncogene action. Mol Cell Biol 10(10) 5365-77. 

Mantovani, G., Ballare, E., Giammona, E., Beck-Peccoz, P., and Spada, A. (2002) The gsalpha gene predominant maternal origin of transcription in human thyroid gland and gonads. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 4736-4740. 

Liu, J., Erlichman, B., and Weinstein, L. S. (2003) The stimulatory G protein alpha-subunit Gs alpha is imprinted in human thyroid glands implications for thyroid function in pseudohypoparathyroidism types lA and IB. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 4336-4341. 

Gabriel, E. M., Bergert, E. R., Grant, C. S., van Heerden, J. A., Thompson, G. B., and Morris, J. C. (1999) GermUne polymorphism of codon 727 of human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is associated with toxic multinodular goiter. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 3328-3335. 

Hatada S, Sakanoue Y, Kusunoki M, Kobayashi A, Utsunomiya ] (1992) Protein kinase C activity in human thyroid carcinoma and adenoma. Cancer 70 2918-2922... 

Prevostel C, Alvaro V, de-Boisvilliers F, Martin A, JafSol C, Joubert D (1995) The natural protein kinase C alpha mutant is present in human thyroid neoplasms. Oncogene 11 669-674... 

Yamazaki K, Kanaji Y, Shizume K, Yamakawa Y, Demura H, Kanaji Y, Obara T, Sato K. Reversible inhibition by interferons alpha and beta of 125I incorporation and thyroid hormone release by human thyroid follicles in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993 77(5) 1439-41. 

Panneels V, Van Sande J, Van den Bergen H, Jacoby C, Braekman JC, Dumont JE, Boeynaems JM (1994) Inhibition of Human Thyroid Adenylyl Cyclase by 2-Iodoalde-hydes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 106 41... 

Hiasa, Y., Nishioka, H., Kitahori, Y., Yane, K., Nakoka, S., Ohshima, M., and Sugimura, M. 1991. Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptors in paraffin sections of human thyroid tissues. Oncology 48 421 424. 

For demonstrating the properties of the multiplex IPCR and covalent antibody-DNA conjugates (see Section 2.1.3), a number of hormones such as human thyroid stimulating hormone or chorionic gonadotropin were simultaneously detected by the workgroup of Ebersole [38, 41]. In the... 

Dose to human thyroids from inhalation and from intake in milk... 

Knapp, H.A. (1964) Iodine-131 in fresh milk and human thyroids following a single deposition of nuclear test fallout. Nature, 202, 534-7. 

Iodine - The importance of oxidation-state speciation of radioiodine was recognised at a very early stage because of its ability to accumulate in and cause damage to the human thyroid gland. Iodine-131 (t1/2 = 8.04 days) would therefore be... 

Imagawa, M., Ishikawa, E., Yoshitake, S., Tanaka, K., Kan, H., Inada, M., Imura, H., Kurosald, H., Tachibana, S., Takagi, M., Nishiura, M., Nakazawa, N., Ogawa, H., Tsunetoshi, Y., and Nakajiraa, K., A sensitive and specific sandwich enzyme immunoassay for human thyroid-stimulating hormone. Clin. Chim. Acta 126, 227-236 (1982). 

Soos, M., and Siddle, K., Characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against human thyroid stimulating hormone. J. Immunol. Methods 51, 57-68 (1982). 

---