Human leukocyte antigen complex

Family history of RA. Genetic studies demonstrate a strong correlation between RA and the presence of major histocompatibility complex class II human leukocyte antigens (HLA), specifically HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR4.4,5 HLA is a molecule associated with the presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes. 

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) Groups of genes found on the major histocompatibility complex, which contain cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins. The body uses HLA to distinguish between self-cells and non-self-cells. 

Fig. 14.3 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) locus with some of the polymorphic sites known within the TNF locus. C2, C4, complement C2, C4 Ch, chromosome HLA, human leukocyte antigen HSP, heat shock protein LTA, lymphotoxin A LTB, lymphotoxin B MHC, major histocompatibility complex. (Reproduced from ref 74 by permission of Future Medicine Ltd.)...

The cause of type 1 diabetes is not fuUy understood. An autoimmune attack (to the /3-cells of the pancreas) may be triggered by reaction to an infection, for example by one of the viruses of the Coxsackie virus family or German measles, although the evidence is inconclusive. Individuals may display genetic vulnerability an observed inherited tendency to develop type 1 diabetes has been traced to particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes (the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans is known as the HLA system). Environmental factors can also strongly influence expression of type 1 diabetes. 

The role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of Graves disease is well established. A considerable amount of information links the human major histocompatibility complex (human leukocyte antigen [HLA]) with Graves disease. For instance, several HLA types, such as HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3, are associated with this disorder. Graves disease in the Japanese has been found to be associated with HLA-B35, whereas in patients of Chinese... 

In 1976 Simon et al reported an association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A3 and HLA-B14 antigens with idiopathic hemochromatosis, which suggested that the HH gene was located near the major histocoinpatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6p (short arm of chromosome gj 409,532 genetic studies confirmed linkage of the HH... 

Two special genetic regions with sufficient sequence variability for identity testing include the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the mitochondrial DNA. The HLA loci described in the Transplantation Testing section later in this... 

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA). The major human histocompatibility complex situated on chromosome 6. Human HLA-A, -B, and -C (resembling mouse H2k, d, and 1) are MHC class I molecules, whereas HLA-DP, -DQ, and -DR (resembling mouse I-A and I-E) are MHC class II molecules. 

Human leukocyte antigens are polymorphic cell-surface molecules that are intimately involved in the regulation of the immune response. The antigens are encoded by a series of closely linked genes known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is located on the short arm of chromosome 6 (BIO). The complex extends over approximately 4000 kilobases or 4 x 10 nucleotides and contains three distinct subregions known as class I, class II, and class III (T19) (see Fig. 1). 

By GD 50, the primordial thymus contains a polymorphic cell population and is on an obvious differentiation into cortex and medullary zones. The first T-like cells can be identified histologically by GD 50 but do not show CD3-positive immunoreactivity (Buse et al., 2006). The first cells that have been identified immunohistochemically are those expressing Human Leukocyte Antigen-D Region (HLA-DR of the major histocompatibility complex, class... 

For type 1 DM, the concordance rate for identical twins is only 25—50% and environmental influences must have an important role. Type 1 DM involves an autoimmune attack on the pancreatic /3 cells. Antibodies to islet cell antigens are detected in up to 80% of patients with type 1 DM shortly after diagnosis or even prior to the onset of clinical disease. Type 1 DM is associated with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, especially at the B and DR loci, and the HLA complex is known to play critical roles in the immune response. However, the trigger for the immune response remains unknown. In about 10% of new cases of type 1 DM, there is no evidence of autoimmune insulitis. The ADA and the World Health Organization (WHO) therefore subdivide this disease into autoimmune (lA) and idiopathic (IB) subtypes. 

Tire combination of microairays and the stndions application of programs to scan these resulting databases provide insight into complex phenomena like Human Leukocyte Antigen group DR (HLA-DR) in the immnne response. 

Bharadwaj M, lUing P, Theodossis E, et al. Drug hypersensitivity and human leukocyte antigens of the major histocompatibility complex. Annu Rev Phtuuiacol Toxicol. 2012 52 401-31. 

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex is a series of genes located on chromosome 6 that are important in normal immune function. Susceptibility to CBD is modified by genetic variants of the HLA-DP sub-region. Evaluation of HLA-DPBl sequence motifs in current and former beryllium workers implicated a glutamic acid residue at position 69 [HLA-DPBl(Glu69)] in CBD. 

HLA human leukocyte antigen HuCD4 human cluster differentiation 4 HuTNF human tumour necrosis factor MHC major histocompatibility complex NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug RA rheumatoid arthritis... 

Tissue type is determined hy molecules on the surface of every cell in the body. These molecules are called human leukocyte antigens (HLA) or the major histocompatibility complex (Petersdorfet et al. 1998 Villard 2006). Each person has unique HLAs. The HL As on the cells of the transplant signal to the body that this tissue is foreign, when a person receives a transplant, and stimulate an immune response. The recipient s blood usually is screened for antibodies against the tissues of the specific potential donor. If these antibodies are present severe rejection is expected, and transplantation will not be performed in these cases (Matas and Schnitzler 2004 Talbot and Manas 1997). 

The MHC proteins are named after the "major histocompatibility complex —the DNA segment that codes for them. Human MHC proteins are also known as HLA antigens ( human leukocyte-associated antigens). Their polymorphism is so large that it is unlikely... 

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