Human byproducts

Cut meats are usually wrapped or vacuum packed directly after cutting. The viscera, bones and other parts not going for human consumption have a byproduct value, and will probably need to be stored at chill temperature before disposal. 

Hormones and other endocrine disrupting compounds Illicit drugs and their human metabolic byproducts Organometallics... 

Lactose, the milk sugar, is a reducing disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose moieties. The estimated annual worldwide availability of lactose as a byproduct from cheese manufacture is several million tons [1,2], but only about 400 000 t/a lactose is processed further from cheese whey [3], Non-processed whey is an environmental problem due to its high biochemical and chemical oxygen demand [2], The use of lactose as such is limited by two main factors relatively low solubility of lactose in most solvents and lactose intolerance in human body [1]. 

PM io - Particulate material less than 10 xm diameter is formed as a byproduct of combustion processes through incomplete combustion and through the reaction between gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere. PM10 is a particular problem as it causes damage to the human respiratory system. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are widespread environmental contaminants and one of the most potent classes of carcinogenic chemicals. They are byproducts of combustion, and significant levels are produced in automobile exhaust, refuse burning, smoke stack effluents, and tobacco smoke. It is strongly suspected that PAH may play an important role in human cancer. 

Postigo C, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barcelo D (2008) Analysis of drugs of abuse and their human metabolic byproducts in water by LC-MS/MS a non-intrusive tool for drug abuse estimation at the community level. Trends Anal Chem 27 1053-1069... 

Current evidence strongly suggests the existence of olfactory cues to ovulation in humans. Such cues could be used by men for monitoring their current or potential partner. It should be noted, however, that men cannot determine ovulation exactly but rather in a probabilistic manner. Therefore we believe that cyclic odour cues are rather a byproduct of physiological changes than a specific signal of ovulation. 

Unfortunately, not all combinations of chemical additives in water-based fluids are completely compatible, and side reactions leading to various byproducts have been noted. The best known of these side reactions is the reaction between the corrosion inhibitor nitrite and the emulsifiers di- and triethanolamine (7) to form N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDE1A), a nitrosamine reported to have carcinogenic activity (8, 9, 10). In fact, most nitrosamines are carcinogenic, and no animal species which has been tested is resistant to nitrosa mine-induced cancer. Although there is no direct evidence that firmly links human cancer to nitrosamines, it is unlikely that humans should be uniquely resistant. 

Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids. Cottonseed contains cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) which must be investigated to determine their effects on humans and other monogastric animals. Related to this is the hepatocarcinogenicity of whole kernel glandless cottonseed and cottonseed oil in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdeneri, (22-24). However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has adopted the position that fish are not sufficiently related to man to necessitate the FDA changing its acceptance of cottonseed and its byproducts in human foods (25). 

Dioxins (TCDD) and furans Byproduct of combustion - bioaccumulates - municipal and medical waste incinerators - human carcinogen... 

The two non-metals, carbon and sulfur, have probably been known as long as human beings have known how to make fire. Carbon in the form of charcoal is a byproduct of fire and was used to make drawings on the walls of caves. Sulfur is found near volcanoes in the form of brimstone. It, too, was used in very early times. For example, after slaughtering Penelope s suitors, Odysseus fumigates his house by burning sulfur. 

Before we examine the oxidation pathways available to aromatic systems, it is first instructive to review the most notorious role of these compounds in combustion chemistry their propensity to lead to soot formation. Soot is a byproduct of fuel-rich combustion, and soot particles can affect respiration and general health in humans." Soot production is a result of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation in flames as reactive hydrocarbon radical intermediates combine to grow... 

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome activity. Coconut oil and monolaurin —a coconut oil byproduct— were administered to 12 women and 3 men who were in the early stage of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ten patients took different doses of monolaurin, and five patients took coconut oil. It was believed that the treatment would lead to higher CD4 counts and a lower viral load. The trial was abandoned because it received only lukewarm approval from the governmenC s ... 

Although dehydroalanine formation represents a minor side reaction, the related byproduct may serve to confirm further the assigned disulfide pattern since the Xaa-dehydroalanine bond is stable toward the base treatment. Progress of the oxidative folding of human epidermal growth factor was analyzed by trapping the intermediates via cyanylation followed by their disulfide assignments. 61 ... 

The use of fossil fuels to supply energy for the use of the world s population has resulted in the release to the atmosphere of troublesome chemical byproducts that present harm to humans and other natural species. These effects can be localized (near the emission source), can extend to large regional areas (involving subcontinents), and can even cover the globe, from pole to pole. A large portion of the human population is exposed to one or more of these environmental effects. 

Bioactive peptides as products of hydrolysis of diverse marine invertebrate (shellfish, crustacean, rotifer, etc.) proteins are the focus of current research. After much research on these muscles and byproducts, some biologically active peptides were identified and applied to useful compounds for human utilization. This chapter reviews bioactive peptides from marine invertebrates in regarding to their bioactivities. Additionally, specific characteristics of antihypertensive, anti-Alzheimer, antioxidant, antimicrobial peptide enzymatic production, methods to evaluate bioactivity capacity, bioavailability, and safety concerns of peptides are reviewed. 

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