Howard powder

J Mauger, S Howard. Model systems for dissolution of finely divided (multisized) drug powders. J Pharm Sci 65 1042, 1976. 

In 1800 E. Howard, an Englishman, after a study of works of French chemists, prepd a mixture consisting of MF and saltpeter. This mixt, known as Howard s Powder was suitable for use in primers... 

F. Lagarde, M. B. Amran, M. J. F. Leroy, C. Demesmay, M. Olle, A. Lamotte, H. Muntau, P. Michel, P. Thomas, S. Caroli, E. Larsen, P. Bonner, G. Rauret, M. Foulkes, A. Howard, B. Griepink, E. A. Maier, Certification of total arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and arsenobetaine contents in a tuna fish powder (BCR-CRM 627), Fresenius J. Chem., 363 (1999), 18 -22. 

Another source of urban salinization is the use of road de-icing salts. Salt has been used for road de-icing for several decades, particularly in the eastern and northeastern states in the United States and Canada. The use of road salt improves fuel efficiency and reduces accidents at the same time, it causes salinization of associated groundwater. In 1990, more than 10.5 Mt of salt were used for road de-icing (Richter et al., 1993). Brine generated in storage piles of salt (Wilmoth, 1972) and from the dissolution of salts that are applied directly to the roads (Howard and Beck, 1993 Williams et al., 1999) can contaminate water resources. If salt is applied as a powder, its particles may become airborne and transported for considerable distances downwind (Jones and Hutchon, 1983 Richter et al., 1993). 

Hill, R. J., and Howard, C. J. Quantitative ph2ise analysis from neutron powder diffraction data using the Rietveld method. J. Appl. Cryst. 20, 467-474 (1987). Franklin, R. E., and Gosling, R. G. Molecular configuration in sodium thymonu-cleate. Nature (London) 171, 740-741 (1953). 

C.J. Howard. The approximation of asymmetric neutron powder diffraction peaks by sums of Gaussians, J. Appl. Cryst. 15, 615 (1982). 

Simultaneous Crystallite Size, Strain and Structure Analysis from X ray Powder Diffraction Patterns, S. A. Howard and R. L. Snyder, NYS College of Ceramics Technical Publication, New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University, Alfred, NY 14802, USA... 

LHPM a Computer Program for Rietveld Analysis of X ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Patterns, R. J. Hill, and C. J. Howard (1986) AAEC Report No. Ml 12 and QPDA A User Friendly, Interactive Program for Quantitative Phase and Crystal Size/Strain Analysis of Powder Diffraction Data, I. C. Madsen and R. J. Hill, Powder Diffr., 1990, 5, 195 199 A Rietveld analysis program RIETAN 98 and its applications to zeolites, F. Izumi and T. Ikeda, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2000, 321-324, 198 203 and F. Izumi, Development and Applications of the Pioneering Technology of Structure Refinement from Powder Diffraction Data, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 2003, 111, 617 623... 

LHPM a Computer Program for Rietveld Analysis of X ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Patterns, B. A. Hunter and C. J. Howard (February 2000), Lucas Heights Research Laboratories, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation and Rietica A visual Rietveld program, Brett Hunter, Int. Union Crystallogr., Commission Powder Diffr. Newsletter, 1998, No. 20, p. 21... 

Perhaps the most well known observation in the history of drug development is Alexander Fleming s chance observation in 1928 that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus died when they were adjacent to colonies of the mold Penicillium notatum. Spores of the mold had landed accidentally on plates growing the bacteria. Fleming soon realized that the mold produced a substance that could kill disease-causing bacteria. This discovery led to a fundamentally new approach to the treatment of bacterial infections. Howard Florey and Ernest Chain developed a powdered form of the substance, termed penicillin, that became a widely used antibiotic in the 1940s. 

C.J. Howard, B.J. Kennedy, and B.C. Chakoumakos, Neutron powder diffraction study of rhom-bohedral rare-earth aluminates and the rhombohedral to cubic phase transition. J. Phys.-Conden. Matter. 12(4), 349-365 (2000). 

M. Frenklach, W. Howard, D. Huang, J. Yuan, K. E. Spear, and R. Koba, Induced nucleation of diamond powder, Phys. Lett, 59(5) 546-548 (1991)... 

Twelve years later, the overwhelming casualties on the battlefield during the Second World War led two medical researchers, Howard Florey (1898-1968) and Boris Ernst Chain (1906-1979), to look into resurrecting Fleming s work with penicillin. After much refinement they were able to develop a powdered form of penicillin and experimented with mice. In 1941 the first human was successfully treated. Before long, penicillin was in full production. Fleming, Florey and Chain were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. ... 

The first reported use of reversed-phase style LC came in 1948 where Boldingh used a rubber powder stationary phase and an acetone and methanol mobile phase to separate fatty acids. The term reversed phase was subsequently coined by Howard and Martin in 1950 with the separation of fatty acids on a paraffin/ -octane stationary phase using aqueous eluents. Because the technique used methods that were opposite to those normally employed, the technique bore the name reversed phase, distinguishing it from the normal-phase separation approach. 

Howard CJ, Hunter BA. A computer program for Rietveld analysis of X-ray and neutron powder diffraction patterns, Lucas Heights Research Lab, Australia, 1997. 

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