Bacteria disease-causing

Turbidity n/a Tt3 Turbidity, a measure of water cloudiness, is used to indicate water quality and filtration effectiveness (e.g., whether disease-causing organisms are present). Higher turbidity is associated with higher levels of microorganisms such as viruses, parasites and some bacteria. These organisms can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. Soil runoff... 

No more than 5.0% samples total coliform-positive in a month, (For water systems that collect fewer than 40 routine samples per month, no more than one sample can be total coliform-positive). Every sample that has total coliforms must be analyzed for fecal coliforms. There may not be any fecal coliforms or E. coli. Fecal coliform and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Disease-causing microbes (pathogens) in these wastes can cause diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. These pathogens may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, and people with severely compromised immune systems. 

Disinfection The process designed to kill most microorganisms in wastewater, including essentially all pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria. There are several ways to disinfect, with chlorine being the most frequently used in water and wastewater treatment plants. 

Dead-ends in domestic water systems can provide sites for the growth of the bacteria that cause Legionnaires disease [15]. 

Only bacteria that cause disease should be targeted with antimicrobial therapy, and colonizing flora should be left intact whenever possible. 

There are known to be about 30,000 disease-causing agents (fungi, viruses, nematodes, bacteria) in 3,000 types of cultivated plants. More than 10,000 species of arthropods (insects, ticks, arachnids) affect agricultural plants and animals. Along with agriculture, pesticides are also widely used in forestry and fisheries, in energy and railroads (to clear plants), in construction (to protect wood structures), etc. 

Some diseases caused by bacteria are communicable and easily transferred from an infected individual to anyone in close proximity. Typically, this occurs when the infected individual coughs or sneezes creating an infectious aerosol. These aerosols enter the body of a new host through inhalation and /or contact of the aerosol with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. In addition, although intact skin is an effective barrier against most pathogens, abrasions, or lacerations circumvents this protective barrier and allows entry of the pathogen into the body. 

Bacteria Small, free-living, microscopic organisms that reproduce by simple division the diseases they produce often respond to treatment with antibiotics. Bacteria are single-celled, can exist independently, and vary in size from about 0.3 um to 10 um (microns). Bacteria can cause disease either by directly invading body tissue or by producing toxins once inside the body. 

Francisella tularensis is very infectious. A small number (10-50 or so organisms) can cause disease. If F. tularensis were used as a weapon, the bacteria would likely be made airborne for exposure by inhalation. People who inhale an infectious aerosol would generally experience severe respiratory illness, including life-threatening pneumonia and systemic infection, if they are not treated. The bacteria that cause tularemia occur widely in nature and could be isolated and grown in quantity in a laboratory, although manufacturing an effective aerosol weapon would require considerable sophistication. 

Krieg, A. 1987. Diseases caused by bacteria and other prokaryotes. In Epizootiology of Insect Diseases (J.R. Fuxa and Y. Tanada, eds), pp. 323-355. Wiley, New York. 

Another example that can be included in the subunit vaccine class is the use of bacterial toxoids. Many bacteria produce toxins which play an important role in the development of the disease caused by a particular organism. Thus, vaccines against some agents, for example tetanus and diphtheria, consist of the toxin inactivated with formaldehyde conjugated to an adjuvant. Immunization protects from disease by stimulating antitoxin antibody which neutralizes the effects of the toxin. 

Brucellosis Disease caused by Brucella melitensis, B. mis, B. abortus, or B. canis bacteria species. 

Q fever Highly infectious disease caused by Coxiella burnetii bacteria a single bacterial cell can produce clinical illness. 

Fairly extensive pesticide programs could be put into practice on approximately 8,000,000 of the estimated 15,000,000 acres that are in sugar production throughout the world. Weeds, diseases, insects, rats, and the bacteria that cause inversion in freshly expressed juice and the pesticides now in use for their control are discussed. Estimates are given of the amounts now in use, that probable in future use, and the possible maximum use. 

Insects and diseases caused by fungi and bacteria bring about widespread losses in banana culture by reducing production, depreciating market value of the fruit, and even destroying the industry. Thousands of tons of fungicides and hundreds of tons of insecticides are required yearly to control banana pests. New pesticides, better formulations, and improvement of existing pesticides are needed. Specific banana pests and the possibility of their control are discussed. 

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