Chain, Ernest

Fig. 8.22 Fraction of naphthalene concentration due to colloidal entrainment at (a) G = 5 and (b) = 20 s , for naphthalene and naphthalene compounds containing 1,2, or 3 C as side chains, where is the mean shear rate. Reprinted with permission from Sterhng Jr MC, Bonner JS, Page CA, Ernest ANS, Auteniieth RL (2003) Partitioning of crude oil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic systems. Environ Sci Technol 37 4429 434. Copyright 2003 American Chemical Society...

Ernest Chain (1906-1979) and H. W. Florey (1898-1968) refine the purification of penicillin, allowing the mass production of the antibiotic. 

Ernest Chain and E. P. Abraham detail the inactivation of penicillin by a substance produced by Escherichia coli. This is the first bacterial compound known to produce resistance to an antibacterial agent. 

Ernest Hemingway said "No man is an island entire of himself. We can use this phrase for our subject nobody in the food chain can work exclusively on his own. Whatever one does, it will affect the next link of the chain. The consumer, being at the end of the chain, he/she finally decides whom he/she will trust and which product he/she will buy. Food safety scares are not only a problem for individual companies. They can affect entire industrial segments, such as the food industry as a whole together with its suppliers, farmers and even the providers of farm inputs. 

Carothers (du Pont) synthesizes the first aliphatic polyesters, establishes the principles of step-growth polymerization, and develops nylon 6,6 Julius Nieuwland develops the synthetic mbber called neoprene Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) is synthesized Hans von Chain and Sir Frank Whittle file patents for the jet engine Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are invented by Allen B. Du Mont Ernest Ruska discovers the electron microscope magnification of 12,000 X... 

Ernest Boris Chain (1906-79). Biochemist. Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine. 

Sands, Lila. See Anderson, Ernest. Sattleb, Louis, Glutose and the Un-fermentable Reducing Substances in Cane Molasses, 3, 113-128 ScHocH, Thomas John, The Fractionation of Starch, 1, 247-277 Shafizadeh, F., Branched-chain Sugars of Natural Occurrence, 11, 263-283... 

FIGURE 1.18 Boris Ernest Chain Howard Florey. 

Perhaps the most well known observation in the history of drug development is Alexander Fleming s chance observation in 1928 that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus died when they were adjacent to colonies of the mold Penicillium notatum. Spores of the mold had landed accidentally on plates growing the bacteria. Fleming soon realized that the mold produced a substance that could kill disease-causing bacteria. This discovery led to a fundamentally new approach to the treatment of bacterial infections. Howard Florey and Ernest Chain developed a powdered form of the substance, termed penicillin, that became a widely used antibiotic in the 1940s. 

U minerals and found the radioactive properties to be not a function of the physical or chemical forms of the uranium, but properties of the element itself. Using chemical separation methods, they isolated two new radioactive substances associated with the U minerals in 1898 and named them polonium and radium. In 1902 Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy explained the nature of the process occurring in the natural decay chains as the radioactive decays of U and Th to produce new substances by transmutation. 

In 1898, in Cambridge, England, a New Zealander, Ernest Rutherford, demonstrated that there were at least two different types of radiation with different penetrating power. He called these alpha and beta radiation. He subsequentiy worked at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, and found more radioactive elements different types of radium and thorium, and actinium. He proposed that these were links in chains of radioactive materials, called the transformation theory. Rutherford and his colleague, Frederic Soddy, described that the rate of decay of radioactive elements were characteristic of the element, and came to be known as half-life. Decay follows the law of probability. Over a given period of time, each atom has a certain probability of decaying, a process that results from the random movements of the subatomic components of the radioactive atoms. This was the first instance in physics of a truly unpredictable phenomenon. The decay of a radioactive atom was probabilistic. 

Howard Florey and Ernest Chain, who isolated penieillin, and Sir Alexander Fleming, who diseovered it, shared the Nobel Prize for medieine and physiology in 1945. 

This kind of philosophical analysis of the evil of modem society was certainly furthered by the fear of bombs. When atomic bombs brought world war II to an end 50 years ago they boosted a simmering fear of world doom. In fact, annihilation of the world by some kind of atomic chain reaction has been a literary theme since the begiiming of this century v(dien Ernest Rutherford s first explanations of radioactivity were misunderstood [3]. A most disturbing atomic weapons tale came from H. G. Wells already in 1913 [4]. It was dedicated to Frederik Soddy, co-worker of Rutherford, and was directly inspired by Soddy s writings on radium. Literary cormections can also be shovm to medieval alchemy and related fears and hopes. 

Fig. 2. E. B. Chain (later Sir Ernest Chain) at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology ca. 1945.

The second famous discovery happened in 1928 when Dr. Alexander Fleming, a bacteriologist at London s Saint Mary s Hospital, found that a magic mold resisted the action of bacteria. He named the mold penicillin. It was not until 1940 that penicillin was developed into a therapeutic agent by Oxford University scientists Howard Florey and Ernest Chain. Unfortunately, an insufficient supply of penicillin existed until the beginning of World War II, when several U.S.-based companies purified and mass produced penicillin to treat the wounds of U.S. soldiers on the battlefield. A long series of new antibiotics followed in the 1950s, known as the decade of antibiotics. ... 

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