Hormones chemical signals

Leukotrienes and Prostanoids. Arachidonic acid (AA) (213) and its metabohtes are iavolved ia cellular regulatory processes ia all three principal chemical signaling systems endocrine (see Hormones), immune, and neuronal (62). FoUowiag receptor activation or iacreased iatraceUular... 

Davies, W.J., Schurr, U., Taylor, G. Zhang, J. (1987). Hormones as chemical signals involved in root to shoot communication of effects of changes in the soil environment. In Hormone Action in Plant Development - A Critical Appraisal, ed. G.U. Hoad, M.B. Jackson, J.R. Lenton and R. Atkin, pp. 201-6. London Butterworths. 

Nyby J. (1983). Volatile and non-volatile chemosignals of female rodents differences in hormonal regulation. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 3 (Miiller-Schwarze D. and Silverstein R.M., eds.). Plenum, New York, pp. 179-194. 

Figure 6.1 Acids and bases exist in the human body and are necessary for its proper function, including the function of the digestion process. When food is swallowed, it is attacked by stomach acids. The stomach acids need to be neutralized before food can continue down the digestive tract. A hormone called secretin monitors the pH balance in the small intestine and sends chemical signals to other parts of the body, thereby regulating pH balance.

This chapter focuses on the neurochemical and molecular aspects of the influences of hormones on the nervous system and behavior, after first considering the chemical signals, behavioral events and underlying neural activity that regulate hormonal secretion. 

Ebling, F.J. (1977) Hormonal control of mammalian skin glands. In Chemical Signals of Vertebrates, 1, 17-33... 

Ebling, F. J. (1977) Hormonal control of mammalian skin glands. In D. Muller-Schwarze, D. and M. M. Mozell (Eds.), Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates. Plenum Press, New York Plenum Press, pp. 17-33. 

The chemical communication system used to attract mates involves not only the overt chemical signals but also indirectly a great deal of chemistry in the emitter and receiver. As an example, in emitting female moths, this includes enzymes (and cofactors, mRNA, genes) of the pheromone biosynthetic pathways, hormones (and genes) involved in... 

According to the International Union of Pharmacology Committee, a receptor is a cellular molecule, or an assembly of macromolecules, that is concerned directly and specifically in chemical signaling between and within cells. Combination of a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug, or intracellular messenger with its receptor(s) initiates a change in cell function. 

Hormone a general term for the many classes of circulating chemical signals in multicellular organisms. 

FIGURE 8.4 The Bronson model of priming pheromone actions in rodents. Chemical signaling between males and females constitutes a feedback mechanism that results in accelerated maturation and reproduction. This, in turn, permits the mice to adjust their reproduction and population size quickly to respond to environmental conditions such as sudden food abundance at harvest time. FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone LH, luteinizing hormone PRL, prolactin. Stimulation and inhibition are marked by - - and —, respectively. (From Bronson and Coquelin, 1980.)... 

Marchlewska-Koj, A. (1990). Chemical interaction between adult female mice the role of ovarian and adrenal hormones. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 5, ed. D. W. Macdonald, D. Miiller-Schwarze, and S. E. Natynczuk, pp. 209-216. New York Oxford University Press. 

Sorensen, P. W., and Stacey, N. E. (1990). Identified hormonal pheromones in the goldfish the basis for a model of sex pheromones function in teleost fish. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 6, ed. R. L. Doty and D. Miiller-Schwarze, pp. 302-311. New York Plenum. 

Hormones are chemical signaling substances. They are synthesized in specialized cells that are often associated to form endocrine glands. Hormones are released into the blood and transported with the blood to their effector organs. In the organs, the hormones carry out physiological and biochemical regulatory functions. In contrast to endocrine hormones, tissue hormones are only active in the immediate vicinity of the cells that secrete them. 

The hippocampus has innumerable afferent and efferent connections to other brain structures both within the limbic system and beyond. There are receptors for many different chemical signals ranging from the "classical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine to steroid hormones and neurotrophic factors. Some of these receptors are located in the synapses that form the intrinsic hippocampal circuits and others are the targets of specific projection pathways from other brain areas. A comprehensive review of all neurotransmitter interactions relevant to function is not within the scope of this chapter. There are detailed reviews of modulation of neurochemical systems on place learning in the watermaze (McNamara and Skelton, 1993) or other limbic-system dependent tasks (Izquierdo and Medina, 1995) in animals. The effects of key neurochemical, other than NMDA channel-mediated, and environmental influences are discussed below. 

Cells respond to their environment by taking cues from hormones or other external chemical signals. The interaction of these extracellular chemical signals ( first messengers ) with receptors on the cell surface often leads to the production of second messengers inside the cell, which in turn leads to adaptive changes in the cell interior (Chapter 12). Often, the second messenger is a nucleotide (Fig. 8-42). One of the most common is adenosine 3, 5 -cyclic monophosphate... 

Cyclic AMP, formed from ATP in a reaction catalyzed by adenylyl cyclase, is a common second messenger produced in response to hormones and other chemical signals. 

Distinguish the hormone from all other surrounding chemical signals and bind it with a very high affinity (Kd ranges from 1 X 10 7 M to... 

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