Chemical signal systems

Leukotrienes and Prostanoids. Arachidonic acid (AA) (213) and its metabohtes are iavolved ia cellular regulatory processes ia all three principal chemical signaling systems endocrine (see Hormones), immune, and neuronal (62). FoUowiag receptor activation or iacreased iatraceUular... 

The first step in a strategy for developing effective control of a pest by chemical ecology must be to determine if the species uses a chemical signaling system. If intra-specific signaling is shown to occur, the next step is to identify and synthesise the chemical agents utilized, with a view to successful application under field conditions. The most likely source of communication chemicals in amphibians is the secretions of the skin glands. 

Alarm pheromones. Many mammals live in family groups that are prone to attack. Some of these species have evolved chemical signaling systems that are triggered when danger is perceived. This is best described perhaps in deer, which release a series of odorants from their tarsal glands when startled, although the active component(s) have not yet been definitively isolated and identified.96... 

CarHle, M.J. and Watkinson, S.C. (1994). The Fungi. Academic Press London, UK. Carr, W.E.S. (1990). Chemical signaling systems in lower organisms a prelude to the evolution of chemical communication in the nervous system, in Evolution of the First Nervous Systems (P.A.V. Anderson, ed.). Plenum Press, New York, USA. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol. Rev. 73, 203-266. 

Second-derivative spectrophotometry has been used to monitor the time-dependent production of cis,tmns-(Xmax 242 nm) and trans, tram- (Xmax 232 nm) diene conjugates of microsomal PUFAs following the exposure of rats to carbon tetrachloride (CCU) (Corongui et al., 1986). These signals have been postulated to be derived from mixtures of peroxidized substrates. Previous studies using chemical model systems have established that autoxidation of linolenic or arachidonic acid results in the production of cis, trans- and tmns, trawr-conjugated diene... 

Beauchamp G.K., Martin I., Wysocki C.J. and Wellington J.L. (1983). The accessory olfactory system role in maintenance of chemoinvestigatory behavior. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 3 (Miiller-Schwarze D. and Silverstein R., eds.). Plenum, New York, pp. 73-86. 

O Connell R.J. and Meredith (1984). Effects of volatile and non-volatile chemical signals on male sex behaviors mediated by the main and accessory olfactory systems. Behav Neurosci 98, 1083-1093. 

Oelschlager H.A. (1992). Development of the olfactory and terminalis systems in whales and dolphins. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 6 (Doty R.L. and Miiller-Schwarze D., eds), pp. 141-147. 

Discontinuous chemical-detection systems do not provide a signal that is continuous in time, but rather cycle rapidly through a series of phases such as sample collection, preconcentration, separation, and detection in such a way that the overall system is capable of providing a detection report every minute or so. Examples of such systems include ion mobility spectrometers, mass spectrometers, and chromatography-based systems. Many technologies are possible candidates for each of the different phases.2... 

This chapter focuses on the neurochemical and molecular aspects of the influences of hormones on the nervous system and behavior, after first considering the chemical signals, behavioral events and underlying neural activity that regulate hormonal secretion. 

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