Hormones table

Systemic therapy for acne includes antibiotics, isotretinoin and hormones (Tables 11.8 and 11.9). Oral treatment is indicated in cases of 1) moderate and severe acne 2) acne with tendency to scars development and 3) psychological distress related to acne. 

This mechanism is used by steroid hormones (Table 14—2), thyroid hormone, vitamin D3, and retinoic acid. 

Somatostatin (or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor [SRIF]) occurs primarily as a 14-amino acid peptide, although a 28-amino acid form also exists. As with the other hypothalamic peptides, it is formed by proteolytic cleavage of a larger precursor. Somatostatin, originally isolated from the hypothalamus, is also in many other locations, including the cerebral cortex, brainstem, spinal cord, gut, urinary system, and skin. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of many substances in addition to growth hormone (Table 59.1). 

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) is the clinical syndrome that results when tissues are exposed to high levels of thyroid hormone (Table 38-4). 

Steroid hormones Cholesterol is the precursor of the five major classes of steroid hormones (Table 1). The synthesis of steroid hormones is initiated by the removal of a six-carbon unit from carbon 20 of the cholesterol side chain to form pregnenolone, the common precursor of all steroid hormones (Fig. 5). A series of reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 modify pregnenolone to give rise to the individual hormones (Fig. 5). 

The possibility that parasites can synthesise host or host-like antigens raises the question of whether or not parasites can make use of mRNA to synthesise host protein (799) or whether putative molecular mimicry may actually represent cases of host capture by parasites via natural transfection (perhaps by retroviruses ) - a hypothesis reviewed in detail by Howell (338). It has been pointed out earlier (Chapter 8) that there is evidence to suggest that this may have occurred in the sparganum of Spirometra mansonoides, which is capable of synthesising a growth factor with properties resembling those of a mammalian growth hormone (Tables 8.8 (p. 218) and 8.9 (p. 219)). 

The micelle/water partition coefficient for many solutes have been shown to correlate to the octanol/ water partition coefficientJ ° Data in Table 8, from Azaz and Donbrow, show that the micellar partition coefficients of the methylphenols increase with the number of methyl groups. Collett and Tobin showed that the micellar partition coefficients of several benzoic acid derivatives are proportional to their octanol-water partition coefficient for poloxamers (Table 9). Tomida et al. also illustrated that most of the 34 monosubstituted benzoic acids with Brij 35 have micellar partition coefficients that are inversely proportional to their aqueous solubilities and proportional to their octanol-water partition coefficients. The data of Tomida, Yotsuyanagi, and Ikeda[ °l for some steroid hormones (Table 10), further illustrate the parallelism between octanol-water and micelle-water partition coefficients. 

The posterior pituitary gland secretes two major hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) (Table 75-1). Oxytocin... 

For some types of epigenetic carcinogens, such as hormones (Table 1), noncovalent binding to specific cellular receptors Is undoubtedly essential to their oncogenic effects. Effects on cell membranes may underlie the action of carcinogens that operate as tumor promoters. For the organochlorlne pesticides that act as tumor promoters (see below), such effects on cell membranes may be critical. 

The prawn Pandalus borealis changes its body color by means of movable pigment granules. The neurosecretory octapeptide blanching hormone (Table 30-5) controls the process. This is a member of a larger family of peptide hormones with related functions such as the 18-residue pigment-dispersing hormone of the fiddler crab and similar hormones in insects. ... 

Certain hormones stimulate glucagon secretion. Among these are the catecholamines (including epinephrine), cortisol, and certain gastrointestinal (gut) hormones (Table 26.3). 

Adrenal steroids Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a hypothalamic releasing factor, stimulates release of corticotropin (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroid hormones (Tables 10.5 - 10.7). Cleavage of the precursor pro-opiomelanocortin... 

Therapeutic Strateg) Replacement therapy with purified or synthetic thyroid hormones (Table 10.8). 

Four types of cells are found within the islet of Langerhans, and each cell type secretes its own polypeptide hormone (Table 32.7). The 3 cells produce a basal level of endogenous insulin at the rate of 0.25 to 1.5 lU/hour. Consumption of a meal causes a biphasic bolus secretion of insulin. There Is an immediate release of insulin, followed by an additional release 30 to 45 minutes after eating. Within 2 to 4 hours of a meal, insulin secretion returns to basal levels (8). Under fasting conditions (e.g., overnight), the pancreas produces 40 pg (1 IU)/hour. 

Some vitamins (A, D, E, and K) have very nonpolar molecular structures and therefore dissolve only in nonpolar solvents. In the body, the nonpolar solvents are the lipids we have classified as fats, so these vitamins are called fat-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins have diverse functions in the body, and they act somewhat like hormones (Table 12.3). Care must be taken to avoid overdoses of the fat-soluble vitamins. Toxic effects are known to occur, especially with vitamin A, when excess amounts of these vitanfins accumulate in body tissue. Excesses of water-soluble vitamins are excreted readily through the kidneys and are not normally a problem. 

The most definitive conclasion that < an be drawn from the material reviewed so far is that much more critical methods must be used in as-( ertaining the (chemotropic response. In the end, the isolation and chemical characterization of both the chemotropic factor(s) and the inhibitor(s) must be accomplished before we can understand the complex. system w hi( h is involved. Although the chemotropic factor seems to be widely distributed, it is apparently not a common metabolite nor any of the presently knowm growth hormones (Table III). 

The actions of a number of hormones (Table 3-IV) are mediated in whole or in part, by 3, 5 -cyclic AMP, which is regarded as an intracellular second messenger (see references 19, 80). Cyclic AMP produces dif-... 

Of special interest is the fact that certain plants synthesize secondary products which in animals possess hormone or antihormone activity. Either the true animal hormones are formed (Table 59) or substances are built which mimic the animal hormones (Table 76). Both types of compounds may cause metabolic and developmental abnormalities in the predators, reduce reproduction, or, in the case of the trichomes of the stinging nettel (Urtica dioica) containing histamine (D 20) and serotonin (D 21.1), cause irritation of in the skin after injection which may repel predators. Rather large quantities of the hormones may be produced, as is shown by the fact that from 1 g of dried rhizomes of the fern Polypodiurn vulgare, 10 mg ecdysterone were isolated, in striking contrast to the 0.33 mg isolated from a ton of silkworms. 

In contrast to the marked effect of thyroxine on the desaturation reactions, the elongation reactions were not affected by the administration of the hormone (Table 2). Previously it was demonstrated that neither glucagon nor epinephrine modified the elongation reactions (Gomez Dumm et al, in press). Therefore, the present results corroborate the assumption that the microsomal elongating system is insensitive to several hormones in the conditions of our experiments. 

The administration of phenobarbital or related compounds (Table 4) induces the metabolism of a large number of drugs and hormones. Table S lists some of the substances whose metabolism is enhanced by phenobarbital treatment In... 

Classification of Hormones. Depending upon their chemical constitutions and their patterns of biosynthesis, three groups of hormones can be distinguished (1) Steroid hormones, (2) Amino acid-derived hormones, and (3) Peptide and protein hormones. Table XVIII gives a survey of known hormones and their effects. 

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