Horizontal processes, importance

In subsequent chapters, we share insights on five areas to start the journey. In Chapter 2, we discuss the growing importance of value networks. In Chapters 3 and 4, we share insights on demand and supply processes while in Chapter 5, we discuss how to make the right changes to define horizontal processes. 

As products proliferate, horizontal processes become more important. If this does not happen, the long tail of the supply chain whips the supply chain into chaos, making it tongher to have visibility to make the right decisions in supply chain execution. Without clarity, employees in the factory are unclear abont what to make when or what to ship on which truck to which customers. 

As inventory levels climbed during the first part of 2009, tension grew in supply chain discussions, and horizontal processes (discussed in Chapter 5) grew in importance. This was the most problematic— even desperate—for some companies that defined high-asset utilization as supply chain excellence. Those companies that rewarded high-asset utilization took five times longer to sense the downturn and align their supply chains. 

Don t start them all at once. Design with the end in mind. Start with the most important horizontal processes. Build these one at a time as supply chain building blocks against a master plan. 

Need for supply chain strategy. The importance of supply chain strategy in the design and building phases of supply chain horizontal processes becomes clear very quickly. Don t start without it. 

Pul yon sipply chair on its ear. Focus on buildirg horizontal processes. WhathoriarnbI processes are important for yon supply chain ... 

The atmosphere is nearly always in motion. The scales and magnitude of these motions extend over a wide range. Although vertical motions certainly occur in the atmosphere and are important to both weather processes and the movement of pollutants, it is convenient to consider wind as only the horizontal component of velocity. 

Figure 4-13 shows an example from a three-dimensional model simulation of the global atmospheric sulfur balance (Feichter et al, 1996). The model had a grid resolution of about 500 km in the horizontal and on average 1 km in the vertical. The chemical scheme of the model included emissions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) from the oceans and SO2 from industrial processes and volcanoes. Atmospheric DMS is oxidized by the hydroxyl radical to form SO2, which, in turn, is further oxidized to sulfuric acid and sulfates by reaction with either hydroxyl radical in the gas phase or with hydrogen peroxide or ozone in cloud droplets. Both SO2 and aerosol sulfate are removed from the atmosphere by dry and wet deposition processes. The reasonable agreement between the simulated and observed wet deposition of sulfate indicates that the most important processes affecting the atmospheric sulfur balance have been adequately treated in the model. 

Multiway and particularly three-way analysis of data has become an important subject in chemometrics. This is the result of the development of hyphenated detection methods (such as in combined chromatography-spectrometry) and yields three-way data structures the ways of which are defined by samples, retention times and wavelengths. In multivariate process analysis, three-way data are obtained from various batches, quality measures and times of observation [55]. In image analysis, the three modes are formed by the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the pixels within a frame and the successive frames that have been recorded. In this rapidly developing field one already finds an extensive body of literature and only a brief outline can be given here. For a more comprehensive reading and a discussion of practical applications we refer to the reviews by Geladi [56], Smilde [57] and Henrion [58]. 

Model results in seawater are in good agreement with observational data of PFOA. Most differences can be attpageributed to deficiencies of the emission scenario. Despite this fact, the difference between model results and observational data are due to the limited horizontal and process resolution and the fact that the physical parameters of the model (temperature, surface pressure, vorticity or divergence of the wind velocity field) were not relaxed to observational data. Regarding these limitations, in particular individual vertical profiles compare quite well with observations. This study underlines the importance of the ocean as a transport medium of PFOA. The contribution of volatile precursor substances to long-range transport needs to be assessed. 

Analytical laboratories, especially quality assurance laboratories, will often maintain graphical records of statistical control so that scientists and technicians can note the history of the device, procedure, process, or method at a glance. The graphical record is called a control chart and is maintained on a regular basis, such as daily. It is a graph of the numerical value on the y-axis vs. the date on the x-axis. The chart is characterized by five horizontal lines designating the five numerical values that are important for statistical control. One is the value that is 3 standard deviations from the most desirable value on the positive side. Another is the value that is 3 standard deviations from the most desirable value on the negative side. These represent those values that are expected to occur only less than 0.3% of the time. These two numerical values are called the action limits because one point outside these limits is cause for action to be taken. 

Ideally, the site characterization study has defined the vertical and horizontal extent of the contamination. Contoured site maps showing the (three-dimensional) distribution of the contaminants allow identification of areas that require extensive restoration, or may be allowed to be monitored to closure under natural attenuation. Knowledge of how much contamination exists and its location is the important first step in the remediation process. Evaluation of these data will permit consideration of the various remediation remedies available. Where the contaminant is contained within the shallow (<6 m) unsaturated zone and is recalcitrant (not readily biodegradable), excavation for off-site treatment or disposal may be the most expeditious procedure. Alternatively, depending on the contaminant, a variety of in situ procedures, including bioremediation, air sparging, soil vapor extraction, and fixation, may be applicable. 

Horizontal, stressed primary structural steel members can also be protected by water spray directed onto the surfaces exposed to fire. Stressed primary horizontal members may include beams connecting perimeter columns as well as those supporting significant equipment loads or connecting to other important vertical members of the process structure. 

The different exponents found in Eq. 22-43 indicate that the spreading of a tracer cloud is caused by two processes perpendicular to the flow direction, that is, along the minor principal axis, the spreading is compatible with normal Fickian diffusion with scale-independent horizontal diffusivity Eh (see Box 22.3, Eq. 6b). An additional effect is important along the axis of flow, the process of longitudinal dispersion. 

Eylers (1994) has described a further mechanism of sediment-water exchange which is especially important for sandy river beds. The bottom of such rivers is often shaped by ripples and dunes which lead to horizontal pressure gradients. As a result, river water is forced through the pore space of the sediments where chemicals are exchanged. The mathematics of this process is summarized in Box 24.2. 

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