Hopkins, Gowland

Mid-July, 1912 Frederick Gowland Hopkins, a biochemist at Cambridge University, published an elaborate paper demonstrating that additions of small amounts of fresh, whole milk to otherwise deficient diets of experimental rats were followed by periods of normal growth and development of the animals. (2)... 

In December 1929, Frederick Gowland Hopkins shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology, "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins."... 

Frederick Gowland Hopkins, analytical chemist, physician and biochemist, had conducted numerous experiments in animal feeding prior to his famous comment in 1906 that no animal could live on a diet of pure protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals and water. He cited the simple fact that animals live upon plants or other animals whose tissues contain many other substances besides those usually considered adequate for a normal diet, "...it is certain that there are many minor factors in all diets of which the body takes account." (11)... 

By the early years of this century the cell was generally recognized as the smallest unit capable of independent life. Gowland Hopkins in 1913 first clearly formulated ideas which would be the death of protoplasm. Life is the expression of a particular dynamic equilibrium which obtains in polyphasic systems. .. life is a property of the cell as a whole. ... 

It was the quality of his work on the urea cycle, that led the Professor of Biochemistry at Cambridge University F. Gowland Hopkins, to invite Hans Krebs to join his Department in 1933 to escape from the Nazi regime. 

Before 1900, many experiments suggested that dietary components other than protein, carbohydrate, fat and minerals were needed for survival. However, it was Frederick Gowland Hopkins who provided the evidence that minute amounts of unknown substances, present in normal foods, were essential for normal healthy life. His eminence in the scientific community ensured that the work and ideas were accepted he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in 1929. 

Gowland Hopkins (UK, Nobel Prize, Medicine, 1929, growth stimulating vitamins) ... 

Universal discovered by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (UK, shared Nobel Prize, Medicine, 1929, growth stimulating vitamins) enzymatic synthesis studied by Konrad Bloch (Germany/ USA, Nobel Prize, Physiology/ Medicine, 1964, cholesterol biosynthesis)... 

Where we have documentation, the women chemists readily acknowledge their appreciation of their supervisors, such as biochemist F. Gowland Hopkins (see Chap. 8), for allowing them to follow their chosen path in an environment where other prominent male chemists refused to countenance a woman student. 

The debate became public in the Correspondence column of The Times. Letters in support of women s rights came from many sources including Eleanor Balfour (Mrs. Sidgwick),22 Sophia Jex-Blake (see Chap. 8), F. Gowland Hopkins (see Chap. 9), and, of particular importance, a stirring statement signed jointly by two Cambridge Professors, Ernest Rutherford in Physics and William Pope in Chemistry ... 

Finally, and especially, my thanks are due to Professor Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, at whose suggestion the book was written and to whose influence alone I owe the incentive to think on biochemical matters.58... 

Dale, H. H. (1948/1949). Frederick Gowland Hopkins, 1861-1947. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 6 115-145. 

Personal papers, F. Gowland Hopkins, Cambridge University Library. 

Stephenson, M. (1948). Obituary notice Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861—1947). Biochemical Journal 42 161—169. 

Hopkins, F. G. (1949). Autobiography of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. In Needham, J. and Baldwin, E. (eds.), Hopkins and Biochemistry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3-25. 

Kamminga, H. and Weatherall, M. W. (1996). The making of a biochemist. I Frederick Gowland Hopkins construction of dynamic biochemistry. Medical History 40 269-292. 

In the previous chapter, we described how the Cambridge group of F. Gowland Hopkins was a haven for women biochemists. Here, we will see that X-ray crystallography, in part at Oxford, was largely hospitable to women scientists — though with one crucial exception. 

The biochemist Dorothy Jordan Lloyd, researcher with F. Gowland Hopkins at Cambridge (see Chap. 8), was also given a specific task. On the outbreak of war, the Medical Research Committee assigned her to study culture media for meningococcus, one of the anaerobic pathogens involved in trench diseases, and the causes and prevention of ropiness in bread.43 Jordan Lloyd was one of several women with a background in biochemistry who were enlisted in the war effort. 

Life with biochemistry—indeed with all sciences—is not always as solemn as the textbooks and scientific periodicals suggest. From 1923 to 1931 the Cambridge Biochemical Laboratory, at that time under Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, one of the world s foremost centres of biochemistry, published once a year a highly original and amusing house journal called Brighter Biochemistry. 

Hopkins, Frederick Gowland (1861-1947) British Biochemist Frederick Gowland Hopkins was born on June 20, 1861, at Eastbourne, England, to a bookseller in Bishopsgate Street, London, who died when Frederick was an infant. 

Hopkins was knighted in 1925 and received the Order of Merit in 1935. Hopkins died in 1947, at the age of 86. The Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Memorial Lecture of the Biochemical Society, named in his honor, is presented by a lecturer to assess the impact of recent advances in his or her particular field on developments in biochemistry. The award is made every two or three years, and the lecturer is presented with a medal and 1,000. 

In 1931 Krebs moved to Freiburg to teach medicine. It was there that he authored (with Kurt Henseleit) his first important paper, which examined liver function in mammals and described how ammonia was converted to urea in liver cells. Krebs also studied the syntheses of uric acid and purines in birds. However, Krebs s research was cut short when the Nazis came to power in 1933. Krebs was Jewish, and he was therefore summarily fired fiom his post. He left Germany for England, taking a position at the School of Biochemistry at Cambridge University at the invitation of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (who had won the 1929 Nobel Prize in medicine). In 1935 Krebs moved to the University of Sheffield to become a lecturer in pharmacology. 

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