Proteins honey

TABLE 3.2 Summary of and values of honey proteins from different... 

White, J. W. and Winters, K. (1989). Honey protein as internal standard for stable carbon isotope ratio detection of adulteration of honey. J. Assoc. Ojfic. Anal. Chem. 72,907-911. 

Honey proteins are derived partly from plants and partly from honeybees. Figure 19.14 shows that bees fed on sucrose provide proteins with less complex patterns than, for example, cottonflower honey. 

Baits include mixtures of toxicant, usually at l ndash 5%, with a carrier especially attractive to the insect pest. Carriers include sugar for the houseflies, protein hydrolysates for fmit flies, bran for grasshoppers, and honey, chocolate, or peanut butter for ants. 

Venom collection is done by electrostimulation in honey bees [8] and by venom sac extraction in vespids [9]. While electrostimulation results in pure venom, venom sac extracts may be contaminated by some body proteins. The amoimt of venom injected by a sting varies from 50 to 140 pg dry weight for the honey bee, but was estimated to be much lower in vespids 1.7-3.1 pg for Vespula, 2.4-5 pg for Dolichovespula, and 4.2-17 pg for Polistes [10]. 

FIGURE 3.2 (A) MALDI TOF protein mass spectral barcodes of the 16 honeys of known... 

Hawaii origin. (B) The protein barcodes of repeat analyses of the Hawaii origin honey samples 2,4,6, 8, and 10. (C) Enlarged display of the protein barcodes of the samples 2,4, 6, 8, and 10 in the database library (cited from Wang et al., 2009). 

Andrada, A. C. and Telleria, M. C. (2005). Pollen collected by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) from south of Calden district (Argentina) Botanical origin and protein content. Grana 44, 115-122. 

Marshall, T. and Williams, K. M. (1987). Electrophoresis of honey Characterization of trace proteins from a complex biological matrix by silver staining. Anal. Biochem. 167,301-303. 

Adverse effects of paraquat in sensitive species of terrestrial plants and soil microflora have been documented at application rates of 0.28 to 0.6 kg/ha (death, inhibited germination of seeds, reduced growth), at soil concentrations of 10 to 25 mg/kg (growth inhibition), and at soil-water concentrations as low as 1.6 mg/L (reduced growth, inhibited synthesis of protein and RNA). Among terrestrial invertebrates, certain species of mites were sensitive to paraquat at recommended rates of application, and the sensitive honey bee died when its diet contained 100 mg/kg. However, paraquat in soils was not accumulated by earthworms and other species of soil invertebrates after applications up to 112 kg/ha. These points, and others listed in this section, are discussed in greater detail later. 

Cereal flour, buckwheat flour, soy flour, seafood allergens, pork, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, lupin, spinach, sarsaparilla root dust, cocoa, coffee dusts, green tea, egg protein, lactalbumin, milk powder, casein, honey, a-amylase, glucoamylase, pectinase, gluconase, pepsin, pectin, spices, carmine, flavorings... 

The most common food matrices analyzed include meat, fish, milk, egg, and honey. The first step usually employed prior to analysis is protein precipitation, which is usually done with organic solvents [59, 60, 62, 194, 195], defatting, usually with hexane [60], and acid hydrolysis in the case of honey [190, 191]. 

Honey bees Complex proteins Swelling, allergic reaction... 

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