HIV/AIDS treatment

Estimates of the lifetime COl are needed for temporal and international comparisons and for assessment of the efficiency of prevention strategies. During the first years of HIV/AIDS treatment, direct lifetime costs were only estimated by simple projections based on retrospective data. Later, specific statistical tools were adopted to estimate life expectancy and lifetime costs. The results of lifetime estimates are very sensitive to imputed assumptions. Table 4 demonstrates some studies in this field. 

Other important documents in HSTAT include the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration s Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS) the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force s Guide to Clinical Preventive Services the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services Guide to Community Preventive Services and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 

Pressure increased for the TGA to free up the regulatory system for prescription medicines, in particular, the 1990 report by the Australian National Coimcil on AIDS Working Party on the Availability of HIV /AIDS Treatments recommended that a notification scheme be introduced for clinical trials of unapproved products that had already been approved by respected agencies overseas. 

The inequities are striking. In developed countries, a course of antibiotics to cure pneumonia can be bought for the equivalent of 2 or 3 hours wages. One year s treatment of HIV/AIDS infection consumes the equivalent of 4—6 moths salary. And the majority of costs are reimbursed. In developing countries, a full course of antibiotics to cure a common pneumonia may cost one s month wages. In many countries, one-year s HIV/AIDS treatment, if it were purchased, would consume 30 years income. And the majority of households must buy their medicines with money from their own pocket... 

States should enact legislation to provide for. .. safe and effective medication at an affordable price. States should also take measures necessary to ensure for all persons, on a sustained and equal basis, the availability and accessibility of quality goods, services and information for HIV/AIDS. .. treatment..., including antiretroviral and other safe and effective medicines, diagnostics and related technologies for preventive, curative and palliative care of HIV/AIDS and related opportunistic infections and conditions. (UNCHR/UNAIDS 2003)... 

Heath KV, Hogg RS, Chan KJ, Harris M, Montessori V, O Shaughnessy MV, Montanera JS. Lipodystrophy-associated morphological, cholesterol and triglyceride abnormalities in a population-based HIV/AIDS treatment database. AIDS 2001 15(2) 231-9. 

The HIV-1 replication cycle involves three key viral enzymes, all of which represent targets for antiretroviral drugs RT, PR, and IN. RT and PR inhibitors are well represented in the HIV/AIDS treatment armamentarium, but until recently, inhibition of IN had not been successfully exploited in the clinic, despite nearly 20 years of intensive research.8... 

HIV/AIDS therapies. However, the development of raltegravir, the first member of an entirely new class of drugs that target a viral mechanism not previously exploited in the clinic, has provided physicians and patients a welcome addition to the HIV/AIDS treatment armamentarium. 

Clinician s Consultation Center HIV/AIDS Treatment http //www.hivatis.org... 

A Pocket Guide to Adult HIV/AIDS Treatment. January 2005 edition. Washington, DC. 

A second example also relates to combination anti-malarials. Another firm was benefitting from a new formulation available from its parent company, alongside support from its international network to, for example, assure quality of APIs at source. A third firm (currently closed) had benefitted from an EU grant to fund a new turnkey plant to produce anti-retrovirals plant for HIV/AIDS treatment. Without this type of substantial external input, it is hard for the firms in Tanzania to enhance their capabilities sufficiently rapidly to regain access to the regional market for anti-malarials and other medication widely purchased by donors. 

Official reports show that back in 2003, the initiative to set up a pharmaceutical factory in Mozambique originally had the following stated objectives. It aimed to secure the supply of anti-retroviral medicines (ARVs) for HIV/AIDS treatment in the country, and to jump-start pharmaceutical generics manufacturing in Mozambique, enabling the fulfilment of the objectives of the national primary care and pharmaceutical policies. It also aimed to reduce the country s dependence on pharmaceutical donations and imports and to contribute to the creation of local capacity for pharmaceutical production and industrial management (de Oliveira, 2013). 

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