History of kinetics

The history of kinetic studies is replete with examples of important, hidden factors which may play a decisive role in the course of a reaction and which were not discovered for many years. In this sense, a good part of chemical kinetics must remain empirical for some time to come. This fact must not, however, detract from the formidable progress made in the... 

Finally we have as our third category all reactions in which we have both of these complications or, speaking generally, those reactions which proceed through the formation of active intermediates. The experimental detection of such systems is sometimes extremely difficult, and the history of kinetics is replete with examples of reactions which have been mistakenly classified. Most notable has been the thermal decomposition of N2O6, which is now known to be quite complex, although in 25 years at least GO papers were written about it and all of them concluded it to be a simple first-order reaction. 

With reactions occurring as they usually do in solution, the role of the solvent at each stage needs to be realistically assessed. The history of kinetic studies is littered with the wrecks of mechanistic hypotheses that ultimately foundered on the unsuspected reefs of solvent mediation. It can come as no surprise, then, that a comprehensive mechanistic description is still well beyond the reach of present techniques, both practical and theoretical, except in a few cases, and those mostly confined to the simplest of systems. More often than not we are obliged to piece together a mechanism that is consistent with all the available facts, both kinetic and nonkinetic very rarely do we have compelling and unambiguous evidence of one particular mechanism. 

Although general discussions of experimental methods are seldom profitable, some mention of this subject should be made. Throughout the history of kinetics, the development of ingenious new experimental techniques has... 

A brief history of chemical kinetic methods of analysis is found in the following text. 

To provide a rational framework in terms of which the student can become familiar with these concepts, we shall organize our discussion of the crystal-liquid transition in terms of thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural perspectives. Likewise, we shall discuss the glass-liquid transition in terms of thermodynamic and mechanistic principles. Every now and then, however, to impart a little flavor of the real world, we shall make reference to such complications as the prior history of the sample, which can also play a role in the solid behavior of a polymer. 

The energy which drives the fragmentation process (elastic plus kinetic) is determined by the dynamic loading conditions and does not directly depend on the properties of the material at issue. The fragmentation energy, on the other hand, is an intimate property of the material and can depend in a complex way on the thermal and dynamic conditions at spall, as well as on the deformation history of the material leading to spall. 

It is one of the wonders of the history of physics that a rigorous theory of the behaviour of a chaotic assembly of molecules - a gas - preceded by several decades the experimental uncovering of the structure of regular, crystalline solids. Attempts to create a kinetic theory of gases go all the way back to the Swiss mathematician, Daniel Bernouilli, in 1738, followed by John Herapath in 1820 and John James Waterston in 1845. But it fell to the great James Clerk Maxwell in the 1860s to take... 

Table 3.3 summarizes the history of the development of wave-profile measurement devices as they have developed since the early period. The devices are categorized in terms of the kinetic or kinematic parameter actually measured. From the table it should be noted that the earliest devices provided measurements of displacement versus time in either a discrete or continuous mode. The data from such measurements require differentiation to relate them to shock-conservation relations, and, unless constant pressures or particle velocities are involved, considerable accuracy can be lost in data processing. 

Sec also Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi Clausins, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Culture and Energy Usage Ethical and Moral Aspects of Energy Use Gibbs, Jonah Willard Industiy and Business, History of Energy Use and Joule, James Prescott Kinetic Energy, Historical Evolution of the Use of Mayer, Julius Robert von Refining, History of Thomson, William Watt, James. 

Consequently, for high concentration of adsorption particles (which is directly linked either with their high partial pressure in gaseous phase or with high value of their adsorption heat) all kinetic curves ait) whose shape (as it will be showed below) is notably dependent on concentration of adsorption particles Nt tend (at long times) to a specific value of (Tp dependent on the nature and history of adsorbent and independent on the value of Nt-... 

Kinetics and Case Histories of Activated Sludge Secondary Flotation Systems... 

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