History of Globalization

For centuries, international trade was the pursuit of many kings and emperors. The pace increased dramatically in the twenty-first century due to advances in air travel, telecommunication, digital revolution, and the Internet. Sourcing of raw materials and parts is done globally products are manufactured and assembled in many countries and sold to customers around the world. 

We owe this remark, with slight alterations, to our friend, Partha V. Iyer, of Reading, Pennsylvania. 

After an explosive and sustained growth during the twenty-first century, global trade suffered for the first time a 12% decline in 2009, due to the global recession. 

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Jerome O. Nriagu. A History of Global Metal Pollution. Science. 272 (Apr. 12, 1996) 223-224. 

Nagaveni K, Silalingam G, Hegde MS, Madras G (2004) Photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds over combustion-synthesized nano TiO. Environ Sci Technol 38 1600-1604 Naiiagu JO (1996) History of global metal pollution. Science 272 223-224 Nel A, Xia T, Madler L, Li N (2006) Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 311 622-627... 

Nriagu, O. J. 1996. A history of global metal polluticHi. Science 272 23-24. 

Van Andel TH (1994) New Views on an Old Planet a History of Global Change, 2nd edn. Cambridge Cambridge Universitys Press. 

To learn more about the history of globalization and its impacts, the book World is Flat by Thomas Friedman is an excellent resource (Friedman, 2005). It explains how "flattening" of the world happened in the twenty-first century due to globalization, WTO, and the Internet revolution. It also discusses the impacts of globalization on countries, companies, and the average consumer. The author also explains how governments and societies can adapt to the globalization trends. 

Menard, H. W. The Ocean of Truth A Personal History of Global Tectonics. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1986. 

Other than longer-term supply issues the main driver for moving away from fossil resources is pollution. Since pre-industrial times the level of atmospheric CO2 has risen from 280 ppm to 360 ppm, and whilst some observers believe this may be a natural cycle in the Earth s history, most believe it is a direct consequence of burning fossil fuels. This additional CO2 is now thought to be the main cause of global warming via the greenhouse effect (see Box 6.1). 

Still on the subject of Chaques s thesis,9 we could add that it tells the history of the pharmaceutical industry in Spain over the last 40 years. It features chapters on pharmaceutical policy during the Franco regime, the transition to democracy, the Socialist reform of the 1980s and the Popular Parly governments. It also considers the effects of globalization and the decentralization process in Spain. 

The transformation is global. The schemes P and P are strongly computationally equivalent in the restricted sense - if we omit from the test added computational histories of (P,I, a) and (P, I, a) all values of the new variables and all tests involving these variables (i.e. test Z ) for an interpretation I extending I to all of P and P, then the resulting lists are equal. However the loop structure of P has been drastically changed and there is no simple relationship between the graphs of P and P. ... 

Richard Davenport-Hines, The Pursuit of Oblivion. A Global History of Narcotics. New York Norton, 2002. The author is a professional historian and a member of the Royal Historical Society. 

In a closed box, the star formation rate can only decrease with time. Thus the timing of a collision is irrelevant for the metallicity history of such a galaxy the final abundance of metals will always increase relative to the moment of stripping. In contrast, in an open system, the global star formation rate can recover due to infall of externally or internally supplied diffuse gas and clouds. The metallicity history then becomes sensitive to the timing and frequency of such events. The final star formation rate may resemble an anemic systems. 

All of these chemicals pose an inhalation hazard but a toxic dose could also be obtained through skin absorption or ingestion. Factors that were considered when selecting potential candidate chemicals include global production, physical state of the material (i.e., gas, liquid, or solid), chemicals likely to cause major morbidity or mortality, potential to cause public panic and social disruption, chemicals that require special action for public health preparedness, history of previous use by the military, and/or involvement in a significant industrial accident. 

Other measures include the clinician s global assessment based on the patient s history of activities and limitations caused by OA, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthrosis Index, Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire, and documentation of analgesic or NSAID use. 

Fig. 1 World marketed energy consumption, 1970-2025. Reference History data from Energy Information Administration (EIA), International energy annual, 2002, DOE/EIA-0219 (2002), Washington, DC, March 2004. Projection data from EIA, System for the analysis of global energy markets, 2005.

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