Mineral assays

Named after the state of California, californium was first created in 1950 by the team of Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T. Seaborg at the Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California. They bombarded curium with helium ions to produce the element. No californium exists terrestrially. It is a strong neutron source and has been used in specialized detection gauges and mineral assay equipment. 

Stock solutions of TNAP inhibitor with Ca and AMP. Prepare 10 mM inhibitor (for example cysteine, levamisole, sinomenine, or theophylline) in 10 mL Mineralization assay with Cf and AMP (see above). 

Fig.l Kinetics of mineral formation by MVs determined by measuring turbidity at 340 nm. MVs incubated at 37 °C in Mineralization assay with 2 mM Ca and 3.42 mM Pi (MVs) induced mineral formation. Addition of 4 % v v DMSO in Mineralization assay with 2 mM Ca -" and 3.42 mM Pi without MVs induced mineral formation (DMSO) (positive control) while MVs in Synthetic cartilage buffer do not induce mineralization due to lack of calcium (negative control) giving a flat line. Taken from ref. 23... 

Subheading 3.1). Add 980 pL mineralization assay see Subheading 2.2). Typical MV protein concentration values are... 

Take 50 pL DMSO and 950 pL mineralization assay to obtain control positive see Note 8). 

Take 20 iL of MV suspension (MVs prepared as in Subheading 3.1). Add 980 pL mineralization assay see Subheading 2.2). Typical MV protein concentration values are around 20-30 pg/mL. Total CaCl2 2H20 concentration is 2 mM and total Pi concentration is 1.42-3.42 mM (. Note 7). 

Fig. 3 Inhibition of MV-induced mineral formation by cysteine, levamisole, sinomenine, and theophylline. MVs incubated at 37 °C in Mineralization assay with 2 mM Ca + and 3.42 mM AMP, supplemented with (a) 0-1 mM cysteine (b) 0-1 mM levamisole (c) 0-1 mM theophylline (d) 0-1 mM sinomenine (e) onset times of mineral formation as a function of concentration of cysteine, levamisole, theophylline, or simomenine in SCL buffer containing 3.42 mM AMP and 2 mM Ca +. Increasing onset time of mineralization indicates inhibition or retardation of mineral formation. Taken from ref. 25...

MVs can be kept at 4 °C up to 5 days. Perform TNAP activity and mineralization assay to check MV integrity. 

Perform mineralization assay supplemented with 2 mM Ca and 0 or 2 mM NaH2P04-H20 (total concentration of NaH2P04 H20 in Synthetic cartilage buffer is 1.42 mM or... 

Results of the soil pesticide metabolism study are presented in Table II, and the companion soils are listed first for each pesticide investigated. For carbofuran, there was a tremendous difference in degradation rate between the history and nonhistory soils. As oppposed to the mineralization assay, in which 14C-carbonyl-carbofuran was used, this study employed C-r1ng-carbofuran. 

FIGURE 24. A sixteenth-cenmry mineral assayer s laboratory from the second (1580) edition of Lazarus Ercker s treatise on mining and metallurgy. The woodblock used to print the first edition (1574), and this (second) edition was preserved and employed for over 160 years through the final 1736 edition. (From The Roy G. Neville Historical Chemical Library, a collection in the Othmer Library, CHF.)... 

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