Histocompatability antigens

Brown, J.H., Wiley, D.C. The three-dimensional structure of the human class II histocompatibility antigen HLA-DRl. Nature 364 33-39, 1993. 

Since all members of this family of RNA phages have homologous coat proteins, their subunits are expected to have the same three-dimensional structure. It remains to be seen if the MS2 fold is also present in any other unrelated viruses. The fold is so far unique for the MS2 subunit, but similar structures have been observed in other proteins such as the major histocompatibility antigen, HLA, which was discussed in Chapter 15. 

Alloimmunity is the immune response mounted by a host on the basis of differences in major histocompatibility antigens expressed on the surface of a donor cell from the same species as the host. 

There is a significant genetic component in psoriasis. Studies of histocompatibility antigens in psoriatic patients indicate a number of significant associations, especially with HLA-Cw6, where the relative likelihood for developing psoriasis is 9 to 15 times normal. 

Robert, J., et al., Minor histocompatibility antigen-restricted CD8 T-cell responses elicited by heat shock proteins, J. Immunol., 168, 1697, 2002. 

Some patients will have repeatedly nonspecific reactivity in an ELISA assay, since the HIV-1 antigen used for the antibody assays is produced in cultured human T cells. It is not unexpected that occasional false positive assays occur in human sera from individuals with autoimmune diseases a history of multiple pregnancies or multiple transfusions or antibodies to certain class II histocompatibility antigens (especially HLA-DR4). Block reagents have been added to specimen diluents to minimize cross-reactions in these sera. This necessitates the use of confirmatory tests, especially the Western blot. With the use of both ELISA and Western blots, false positives decrease to less than 1 per 100,000. 

The role of minor histocompatibility antigens in GVHD and rejection A minireview Goulmy, E., Voogt, P., van Els, C., de Bueger, M., van Rood, J. (1991). Bone Marrow Transplant, 7 Suppl 1 49-51. 

Goulmy E, Schipper R, Pool J, Blokland E, et al. 1996. Mismatches of minor histocompatibility antigens between HLA-identical donors and recipients and the development of graft-versus-host-disease after bone marrow transplantation. NEJM. 334 281-285. 

Roopenian D, Choi EY, Brown A. 2002. The immunogenomics of minor histocompatibility antigens. Immunol Rev. 190 86-94. 

Tamai H, Sudo T, Kimura A, Mukuta T, Matsubayashi S, Kuma K, Nagataki S, Sasazuki T. Association between the DRB1 08032 histocompatibility antigen and methimazole-induced agranulocytosis in Japanese patients with Graves disease. Ann Intern Med 1996 124(5) 490-4. 

The initial event in the entry of viruses into cells is the attachment of the virus to specific receptors on the cell membrane. The chemical structures of most receptors for animal viruses are poorly defined. Cell surface glycoprotein, glycolipids, and phospholipids have been implicated. Very recently Helenius et al. (29) could identify human HLA and murine H-2 histocompatibility antigens as receptors for Semliki Forest virus these antigens are well-defined membrane glycoproteins. 

Helenius, A. Morein, B. Fries, E. Simons, K. Robinson, P. Shirrmacher, V. Terhorst, C. Strominger, J.L. Human (HLA-A and HLA-B) and murine (H-2K and H2-D) histocompatibility antigens are cell surface receptors for Semliki Forest virus. 

Allergy is a multigenetic condition, therefore with the current status of research development, vaccines which might prevent the occurrence of these syndromes are not known. Moffatt proved that asthma is often related to the occurrence of histocompatibility antigens HLA DRB1, which corresponds with the increased number of total IgE, however, it is particular genes that are responsible for increased specific IgE concentration (Moffatt et al., 2001). 

Interferon gamma binds to different cell surface receptors than alpha and beta Specific effect of interferon gamma include enhancement of oxidative metabolism of macrophages, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, activation of natural killer cells, and expression of Fc and major histocompatibility antigens While all alpha interferon have similar biological effects, not all activities shared by each and in many cases the extent of activity various substantially for each interferon subtype... 

In a brief report, evidence has been presented that short-term exposure to lithium (less than 2 months) caused alterations in the expression of histocompatibility antigens (434). 

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