Histamine release Subject

Inhaled and intravenous histamine causes bronchoconstriction as one of the first recognized properties of histamine, which is inhibited by Hi antihistamines. As a manifestation of airway hyperresponsiveness, asthmatic individuals are more sensitive to the bronchoconstrictor effect of histamine than normal individuals. In addition, in vitro studies have shown increased histamine release in basophils and mast cells obtained from asthmatic subjects compared with... 

Another proposed mechanism is inhibition of cell-surface receptors for adenosine. These receptors modulate adenylyl cyclase activity, and adenosine has been shown to provoke contraction of isolated airway smooth muscle and histamine release from airway mast cells. It has been shown, however, that xanthine derivatives devoid of adenosine antagonism (eg, enprofylline) may be potent in inhibiting bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. 

The Hi Receptor and its Ligands. The H receptor mediates effects, through an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). such as gastric acid secretion relaxation of airway smooth muscle and of pulmonary vessels increased lower airway mucus secretion esophageal contraclion inhibition of basophil, but not mas cell histamine release inhibition of neutrophil activation and induction or suppressor T cells. There is no evidence that the H- receptor causes significant modulation of lung function in the healthy human subject or in the asthmatic. 

Polosa R, Pagano C, Prosperini G, Low JL, Dokic D, Church MK-, Crimi N (1999) Histamine release upon adenosine 5 -monophosphate (AMP) nasal provocation in allergic subjects. Thorax 54(3) 230-233... 

Ito, C., Onodera, K., Sakurai, E., Sato, M., and Watanabe, T. (1996). Effects of dopamine antagonists on neuronal histamine release in the striatum of rats subjected to acute and chronic treatments with methamphetamine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 279(1), 271—276. 

Pruritus of the elderly is another common dermatosis associated with itch.5 One study has shown that elderly patients with generalized pruritus had a higher degree of skin dryness than in age matched control subjects.6 This study also demonstrated that skin surface conductance, a marker of stratum corneum water content, was decreased in elderly patients with generalized pruritus. The study was also successful in demonstrating an acquired abnormality in keratinization in these patients. This abnormality manifested with increased intracorneal cohesion compared with the controls. Another study showed an increase in histamine release and hypersensitivity in patients with senile pruritus.7 Paradoxically, oral anti-histamines are not very efficacious in the treatment of senile pruritus. 

Li AR, Mackay GA, Hopkin JM Functional analysis of histamine release from basophils and mast cells in subjects with the Ile-181->Leu variant of Fc epsilon Rl-beta. Clin Sci 1997 93 279-286. (NC)... 

Mongar JL, Whelan RF (1953) Histamine release by adrenaline and d-turbocurarine in the human subject. J Physiol (Lond) 120 146-154 Nana A, Cardan E, Leitersdorfer T (1972) Pancuronium bromide, its use in asthmatics and patients with liver disease. Anaesthesia 27 154-158 Paton WDM (1957) Histamine release by compounds of simple chemical structure. Pharmacol Rev 9 269-328... 

Lorenz W, Doenicke A, Reimann HJ, Schmal A, Schwarz B, Dorman P (1978) Anaphylactoid reactions and histamine release by plasma substitutes a randomized controlled trial in human subjects and in dogs. Agents Actions 8 397-399 Liiben G, Quast U, Geiger H (1981) Prekallikrein activator levels and side effects with human albumin preparations. Dev Biol Stand 48 123-127 Lund N (1973) Anaphylactic reactions induced by infusion of haemaccel. Br J Anaesth 45 929... 

This finding raises an important question. Evidently, this mechanism is taking place in only a fraction of individuals receiving contrast media. Therefore, this seems to exclude the hypothesis of a general property of these chemicals. There seem to be additional factors present in those subjects which allow the activation of complement sequences, i.e., a genetically determined enzymatic defect or eventually an immunologically induced helper factor. Whether these complement-activating properties of contrast media, as shown to be present in some individuals (release of anaphylatoxin), are related to the experimentally demonstrated histamine release, is not yet known. 

Immunologic-type agents are confirmed by specific positive radioallergosorbent tests (RASTs) and by negative tests on control subjects, rarely by passive transfer tests (Prausnitz-Kiistner tests) in animals. In vitro tests can also be used to assess the relationship with a possible IgE-mediated mechanism, namely, determination of histamine release from peripheral basophils or platelet cytotoxicity test, which explores the presence on platelets of specific IgE antibodies bound to the low-affinity receptor for IgE. 

Figure 2 Quantitation of basophil total IgE receptors by lactic acid elution and D. fari-nae (DF) and anti-IgE-induced basophil histamine release responses. (A) Mean RIST values for total IgE eluted from subjects basophils (n = 11) prior to infusion of E25 (pre), after 12 weeks of rhuMAb-E25 treatment (12 weeks of E25), one hour after last infusion of E25 (46 weeks of E25), and at termination from the postinfusion follow-up study (termination of post E25 study). Values are expressed as the mean SEM number of receptors per basophil. (B) Samples obtained at the same timepoints as in Figure 3 were examined for histamine release responses to optimal doses of D. farinae or anti-IgE. Results are expressed as mean percent of histamine release. (From Ref. 68.)...

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