Pulmonary vessel

In addition, ETB receptors are upregulated in vessels with atherosclerotic lesions and in pulmonary vessels of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. The upregulation can be attributed to increased ETB receptor expression in smooth muscle cells and to ETB receptors expressed on infiltrating macrophages. 

Vascular changes include thickening of pulmonary vessels that may lead to endothelial dysfunction of the pulmonary arteries. Later, structural changes increase pulmonary pressures, especially during exercise. In severe COPD, secondary pulmonary hypertension leads to right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale). 

The primary therapentic nse of dinretics is to rednce the overall swelling, correct specific ion imbalance, lower blood pressnre, lower the rate of intraocular fluid formation, and to lower pressure on pulmonary vessels. 

The Hi Receptor and its Ligands. The H receptor mediates effects, through an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). such as gastric acid secretion relaxation of airway smooth muscle and of pulmonary vessels increased lower airway mucus secretion esophageal contraclion inhibition of basophil, but not mas cell histamine release inhibition of neutrophil activation and induction or suppressor T cells. There is no evidence that the H- receptor causes significant modulation of lung function in the healthy human subject or in the asthmatic. 

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (hour-glass nails, clubbed fingers) (s. fig. 4.18), which has been known since 1884, is not caused by hypoxia, as has been assumed up to now. (18) The cause is to be found in the intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunts from the venous limb of the pulmonary vessels, megakaryocytes and thrombocyte aggregates pass directly through the shunts into the arterial limb and hence (unfiltered, uncatabolized or not... 

Ledvina, M.A. Hart, J. Bina, S. ling, M. Muldoon, S. Endothelin plays a role in contractions of isolated pig pulmonary vessels induced by diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1999,133, 478-487. 

The incidence of transfusion-related acute lung injury is 0.16-0.24% per transfusion of blood products and is the cause of 15% of all fatal complications of blood transfusion (11). Specific antigen-antibody reactions involving donor antibodies specific for leukocyte antigens of the recipients cause activation of neutrophils and aggregation in small pulmonary vessels (11). The complement and cytokine cascade is activated, leading to capillary leakage. 

Benzene is lipid soluble and highly volatile at room temperature. As such, benzene readily crosses the alveolar membranes and is taken up by circulating blood in pulmonary vessels. The lung also serves as an excretion pathway for unmetabolized benzene, particularly following acute exposures. Benzene can also be readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and from intact skin. Circulating benzene is preferentially taken up by lipid-rich tissues such as adipose and nervous tissue. Benzene has also been detected in the bone marrow, liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen. 

Methylxanthine (xanthine) Methylxanthine is a bronchodilator that stimulates the central nervous system to increase respirations, dilate coronary and pulmonary vessels, and increase urination (diuresis). 

McCormack, D. G., Mak, J. C. W., Coupe, M. O., and Barnes, P. J. (1989). Calcitonin gene-related peptide vasodilation of human pulmonary vessels receptor mapping and functional studies. J. Appl. Physiol. 67, 1265-1270. 

Calculations derived from microspheres with uniform size, having diameters of 20, 28, 40, and 60 pm, have indicated a similar proportion of pulmonary vessels blocked, namely 0.2-0.3%, when 1 mg of these microspheres was injected. However, when calculations were based on the same number of microspheres (i.e., 100,000), the percentage of blocked vessels increased considerably with the diameter of the microspheres (Harding et al. 1973). 

The predominant actions of phenylephrine are on the cardiovascular system. Parenteral administration causes a rise in systolic and diastolic pressures due to peripheral vasoconstriction. Accompanying the pressor response to phenylephrine is a marked reflex bradycardia that can be blocked by atropine after atropine, large doses of the peripheral resistance is considerably increased. Circulation time is slightly prolonged, and venous pressure is slightly increased venous constriction is not marked. Most vascular beds are constricted renal, splanchnic, cutaneous, and limb blood flows are reduced, but coronary blood flow is increased. Pulmonary vessels are constricted, and pulmonary arterial pressure is raised. 

GZ caused an increase in right atrial pressure as well as thickening of the pulmonary vessels in rats suggesting pulmonary hypertension [188]. 

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