Hippeastrum

Fig. 3 Pollen from knight star Hippeastrum hybridum...

Table 3 Effects of volatile plant excretions and water extracts (1 1000 w/v) from allelopathic species with pesticide features on the pollen Hippeastrum hybridum germination. 

Fig. 4 Effects of volatile and liquid allelochemicals on the germination of Hippeastrum hybridum pollen...

Fig. 5 The effects of alkaloids -allelochemicals on the germination of vegetative microspores from Equisetum arvense and generative microspores (pollen) from Hippeastrum hybridum.

Materials required Flowering plants of knights star (Hippeastrum hybridum,) vessels for allelochemicals for moistening the pistil or pollen with allelochemicals. 

Fig. 6 The common view (A,B) and fruit (C) of flowering knights star (Hippeastrum hybridum)... 

Fig. 10 Histochemical staining of Hippeastrum hybridum pollen ( A), Epiphyllium hybridum pollen (B) and part of pistil of Hippeastrum hybridum (C) by red analogue of Ellman reagent. Blue color means the presence of cholinesterase.

Fig. 11 Fluorescence of pollen grain from Hippeastrum hybridum stained with azulene 10-5 (left, bright lightening of cell wall and less intensive emitted nucleus in centre) or pollen tube stained with colchicine 1CT7 M (right, lightening parts of pollen tube may be tubulinbinding sites).

Materials required Vegetative microspores of Equisetum aroense or pollen from Hippeastrum hybridum microspores, ordinary light microscope, luminescent microscope... 

Fig. 5 The LCSM images of the pollen of Hippeastrum hybridum. Left - common image of dry pollen (excitation by laser beam 458 nm, emission > 520 nm and laser beam 633 nm, emission >670 nm), Right - the stack of optical slices cut through 2 mm of wet pollen (excitation by laser beam 458 nm, emission at 518 nm). Bar = 50 pm...

The staining of germinated pollen of Hippeastrum hybridum with colchicine demonstrates green-yellow emission of microtubules (better vision in black-white image) around nuclei of pollen grain (threads at the division of the nucleus) and spermium on the tip of the pollen tube, where spermium moves, as well as in some bridge sites of the tube (Fig. 10). The similar fluorescent allelochemicals may be also used as fluorescent dyes at the cellular diagnostics (Roshchina, 2005 b). 

Fig. 10 The LSCM images of Hippeastrum hybridum pollen tube stained with colchicine 10" 7 M. The laser excitation wavelength 458 nm. 1. The bright emission is observed in nucleus of vegetative cell of pollen and in the spermium located in the tip of the tube 2. Spermium in the tip of pollen tube. The microtubules contained of tubulin are seen. 

Experiment 7. Analysis of the allelochemicals fluorescence out cell and after the stained cellular models - unicellular microspores Equisetum arvense and Hippeastrum hybridum. 

Procedure Cholinesterase activity was measured according to the modified biochemical methods developed for crude preparations (Gorunef ah, 1978), using Ellman reagent 5,5"-dithio-bis(p-nitrobenzoic acid) or its red analogue 2,2-dithio-bis-(p-phenyleneazo)-bis-(l-oxy-8-chlorine-3,6) -disulfur acid in the form of sodium salt, which interact with thiocholine salt (Roshchina 2001). Water extracts of vegetative microspores of horsetail (Equisetum arvense) or Hippeastrum hybridum microspores (150 mg of microspores in 30 ml for 1 h) were used. 

Some typical genera Behria Crinum Cyrtanthus Haemanthus Hippeastrum Hymenocallis Leucojum Narcissus Zephyranthes... 

Bastida, J., Codina, C., Porras, C. L. and Paiz, L. 1996. Alkaloids from Hippeastrum solandriflorum. Planta Medico, 62 74-75. 

Hippeastrum hybridum Hortorum Shi Suan Hua (bulb) Lycorine, lycoramine, tazettine, galanthamine. This herb is toxic. Detoxicant, relieve swelling, induce vomitting. 

Cucumis sativus, Fortunella crassifolia, F. japonica, F. margarita, Tamarindus indicus Alpinia katsumadai, A. globosum, A. kumatake Alpinia katsumadai, A. globosum, A. kumatake, A. officinarum Hippeastrum hybridum, Lycoris radiata, L. longituba, L. aura... 

Clivia miniata, Hippeastrum hybridum, Lycoris radiata, L. longituba, L. aura, Narcissus tazetta, Zephyranthes Candida Lyonia ovalifolia... 

Lectins The mannose-specific plant lectins from Galanthus, Hippeastrum, Narcissus, Epipactis helleborine, and Listera ovata, and the V-acctylglucosaminc-spccilic lectin from Urtica dioica would primarily be targeted at the virus-cell fusion process. 

A number of mannose-specific agglutinines (lectins) from Galanthus nivalis, Hippeastrum hybrid, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Listera ovata, Cymbidium hybrid, Epipactis helleborine, and the N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectin from Urtica dioica have been found to inhibit HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection at similar concentrations as dextran sulfate (IC50 0.2 to 0.6 fig/ml), or even lower (IC50 0.04 to 0.08 pg/ml. Akin to sulfated polysaccharides, the plant lectins also exhibit activity against various enveloped viruses other than HIV, i.e., HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, RSV, and influenza virus. Plant lectins would primarily interfere with the virus-cell fusion process. Their precise mode of action remains to be resolved. 

Galanthamine (= Crinum, Gahmthus, Hippeastrum, toxic] nACh-R non-competitive... 

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