Highway runoff

Highway runoff Suspended sediments Settleable solids Sewage sludge... 

Lopes, T. J., Dionne, S. G. (1998). A review of semivolatile and volatile organic compounds in highway runoff and urban stormwater, US GS. 

Yousef YA, Yu LL. 1992. Potential contamination of groundwater from copper, lead, and zinc in wet detention ponds receiving highway runoff. J Environ Sci Health 27A(4) 1033-1044. 

Lead reaches the aquatic environment through industrial and municipal discharges, in atmospheric deposition, from weathering processes in areas of natural lead mineralization, and in highway runoff. Industrial lead input to aquatic environments is estimated at ten times that introduced by natural weathering processes sewage and aerosols are the major sources. Snowmobile exhausts are considered a major source of lead in some locations concentrations up to 135.0ttg Pb/L have been recorded in surface waters at the time of ice breakup. On the other hand, lead... 

Barrett ME, Zuber RD, Collins ER Jr, Malina JF Jr, Charbeneau RJ, Ward GH (1993) A review and evaluation of literature pertaining to the quantity and control of pollution from highway runoff and construction. Report CTR7-1943-1, Center for Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, p 326... 

Elevated levels of lead in water arise principally from industrial discharges, highway runoff and weathering processes in areas of natural lead mineralization. Once the lead has entered a water body its mobility and distribution will be closely controlled by its chemical forms. These will alter according to the nature of the particular water body. 

Shinya, M., Tsuchinaga, T., Kitano, M., Yamada, Y., Ishikawa, M., 2000. Characterization of heavy metals and polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons in urban highway runoff. Water Sci. Technol. 42, 201-208. 

Harrison RM, Radojevic M, Wilson SJ. 1986. The chemical composition of highway drainage waters IV. Alkyl lead compounds in runoff waters. Sci Total Environ 50 129-137. 

Soil bacteria convert many aromatic compounds to catechol. Then they cleave the ring and degrade the products further to water and carbon dioxide. The soil around highways is often enriched in these bacteria feeding on the runoff of hydrocarbons that vehicles deposit on the road. 

Maneb or mancozeb. According to TRI, in 1997, there was an estimated release of 0 pounds of maneb to water from facilities that manufacture or process maneb (TRI97 1999). In recent investigations of MMT occurrence in rain water and storm runoff collected along highways, MMT was found in most of the samples (Yang and Chau 1999). It is not understood why a readily photodegraded compound still exists in rain and water. 

While forests are often retentive of nitrogen, impermeable surfaces such as roads and parking lots are far less so. While not often studied, nitrogen runoff from these surfaces can be substantial. For example, runoff from highways near Providence, RI, is reported to be 1,700 kg N km" yr (Nixon et al. 1995). Most if not all of this nitrogen likely originated from atmospheric deposition. 

Leaching refers to the assimilation in highway stormwater runoff of chemicals and toxins contained in various C R materials. For purposes of evaluation... 

Batch leachate samples (24-h short-term test) are tested for various removal, reduction, and retardation (RRR) processes likely to be encountered as runoff moves away from the highway area. For removal, reduction, and retardation (RRR) process tests, soil sorption tests are conducted for both fill and nonfill materials, while volatilization, photolysis, and biodegradation tests are conducted only on non-fill materials that have organic compounds in their leachates. RRR process tests are described briefly in this following section. Detailed procedures for these tests are included in Nelson et al. [4]. The following is a summary of the test procedures. 

The laboratory column is filled (loose packed) with the test material and distilled water is pumped through the column to simulate rain or runoff percolation through the highway subsurface (flow rates of 5-50 cm/day) The contaminants are leached from the test material into the water under laminar flow conditions... 

Izzard, C.F. (1946). Hydraulics of runoff from developed surfaces. Proc. Highway Research National Research Council, Washington DC 26 129-150. 

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