Higher culture

With perestroika (restructuring), this complex institutional system began to change autonomy in the literary field increased, while institutionalization in both publishing and censorship decreased. The Soviet state s subsequent breakdown precipitated the collapse of literature as a higher cultural institution the written word definitively lost its sacral, prescriptive power, and literature became primarily an entertainment activity. The literature-centric system collapsed along with the Soviet Union. 

Typically, there is a trade-off to be made between a rural site which has low cultural seismic noise but is less secure due to its isolation and a secure urban site, such as police or fire station, which has higher cultural seismic noise. Ideally, an operator wants a low cultural noise site that is also secure. With downhole installations, a secure urban site enables the reduction of seismic noise by providing vertical separation from seismic noise which originates at the surface. The degree of attenuation of seismic noise with depth will depend... 

Wines may be imported for reasons at either of two extremes because they are relatively inexpensive, or because they are in high demand, and thus command a higher price. Those exported from the United States tend to be the former, and those imported, the latter, based on the data shown in Table 5. There is some market, even in countries that are overproducing wine, for wines with exotic labels. This tendency illustrates another way in which wines differ from other products. Information on and cuisine from foreign countries associated with their wines serve as the vehicles for a form of a cultural exchange, besides the stricdy commercial one. 

The complexity of the biochemical pathways, certainly for antibiotic synthesis, means that the careful and rigorous selection of the microorganism is the key to obtaining higher titers. However, most microorganisms only show thek tme potential when cultured under optimal fermentation conditions. Of... 

Yields of algae grown in outdoor pond cultures (Table 1) are on the order of 15-40 g/(m -d) (24 short tons pet acre pet year). Higher yields can be obtained under artificial illumination, but growth of algae under these conditions is not economically feasible. 

Continuous processes have lower labor costs but have higher failure risk. Batch processes can be started back up in a shorter period of time than can a complex continuous process. Batch processes are easier to take through the regulatory process than are continuous processes. Thus batch processes are often chosen for mammalian ceU culture systems, even though continuous processes can offer significant cost advantages. CeU culture costs constitute only a smaU (10—30%) fraction of the overaU cost of making a product. 

It is noteworthy that rates of corrosion in the field are often much higher than those in the laboratory with pure cultures. This emphasises the complexity of natural eco-systems . 

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