High-temperature oxidation corrosion internal

Introduction to high temperature oxidation and corrosion. ASM International, Materials Park [iv] Kroger FA (1964) The chemistry of imperfect crystals. North-Holland, Amsterdam... 

E.J. Opila, N.S. Jacobson, D.L. Myers, and E.H. Copland, Predicting oxide stability in high-temperature water vapor, Journal of the Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society 58 22-28, 2006 I. Kvernes, M. Oliveira, and P. Kofstad, High temperature oxidation of Fe-13Cr xAl alloys in air/water vapor mixtures, Corrosion Science 17 237-52, 1977 H. Asteman, J.-E. Svensson, M. Norrell, and L.-G. Johansson, Influence of water vapor and flow rate on the high-temperature oxidation of 304L Effect of chromium oxide hydroxide evaporation. Oxidation of Metals 54 11-26,2000 J.M. Rakowski and B.A. Pint, Observations on the effect of water vapor on the elevated temperature oxidation of austenitic stainless steel foil. Proceedings of Corrosion 2000, NACE Paper 00-517, NACE International, Houston, Texas, 2000 E. Essuman, G.H. Meier, J. Zurek, M. Hansel, and W.J. Quadakkers, The effect of water vapor on selective oxidation of Fe-Cr Alloys, Oxidation of Metals 69 143-162,2008 E.J. Opda, Oxidation and volatilization of silica formers in water vapor. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 86(8) 1238-1248,2003. 

S. Ueno, N. Kondo, T. Ohji, S. Kanzaki, J. Doni, High Temperature Hydro Corrosion Resistance of Silica Based Oxide Ceramics , American Society of Mechanical Engineers, International Gas Turbine Institute, Turbo Expo (Publication) IGTl, v 1, 2003, p 625-632. K. N. Lee, Key Durability Issues With Mullite-Based Environmental Barrier Coatings for Si-Based Ceramics , Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 122, 632-636, October (2000). 

The third alternative presented is the development of the InCorr tool for internal and inward corrosion, based on finite element calculations. This method is based on thermodynamic stability calculations with solid state diffusion algorithms. The model examples describe high-temperature oxidation kinetics for a 2.25Cr steel and the results are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental studies and analyses. 

S. Sroda, S. Tuuma, K. Penttila and L. Heikinheimo High temperature oxidation behaviour of boiler steels under simulated combustion gases. 6th International Symposium on High Temperature Corrosion and Protection of Materials, 16-21 May 2004, Les Embiez, France. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Materials Science Foram, 461-464 (2004) pp. 981-988. 

Federation of Corrosion or any of the materials societies (e.g. TMS or ASM International). All of these societies have websites that provide relevant information. Conferences on this topic are held almost annually. Some of the best attended are the Gordon Conference on High Temperature Oxidation (New London, NH, USA, every two years), European Federation of Corrosion workshops (held every one to two years). Microscopy of Oxidation (UK, every three years), the Les Embiez conferences (Les Embiez, France, every four years) and the Superalloys conferences (Seven Springs, PA, USA, every four years). 

T. Yoshikawa, Spray Coating and Weld Overlay in Circulating Eluidized Bed Boiler (CFB) and Waste-to-Energy (WTF) Boilers, Proceedings of International Symposium on High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion/2005 (Nara, Japan), 2005, p 27... 

Niobium finds use in the production of numerous stainless steels for use at high temperatures, and Nb/Zr wires are used in superconducting magnets. The extreme corrosion-resistance of tantalum at normal temperatures (due to the presence of an exceptionally tenacious film of oxide) leads to its application in the construction of chemical plant, especially where it can be used as a liner inside cheaper metals. Its complete inertness to body fluids makes it the ideal material for surgical use in bone repair and internal suturing. 

High-temperature corrosion frequently shows general corrosion, as in oxidation, sulfidation, carburization, hot corrosion and hydrogen effects, etc. It should be noted that subsurface corrosion or internal corrosion at high-temperature corrosion is a highly localized corrosion phenomenon. 

Internal or subsurface attack (oxidation). High-temperature corrosion can be identified by simple visual observation of the surface. However, subsurface phenomena within the matrix of the alloy, as well as obscured relations at the interface of the alloy with the surface films formed in many high temperature exposures can be seen in Figure 6.24. Electrochemical corrosion at high temperature at the interface also involves the diffusion of the aggressive gas phase to the vulnerable phase in the subsurface, leading to corrosion most of the time. 

J, Schmidt J. Schulte-Fischedick E. Cordano, C. Mao, V. Liedtke, R. Fordham CMC tubes based on C/C-SiC with high oxidation and corrosion resistance, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on high temperature ceramic matrix composites, ed. by M. Singh, R. Kerans, E. Lara-Curzio, R, Naslain, published by the American Ceramic Society, p. 531-536, 2004... 

In characterizing HTC, X-Ray Diffraction is a very useful and reliable technique for indexing patterns of phases leading to phase identification in the corrosion product known as surface scale. In fact, this high temperature phenomenon is different from the mst layer formation (in the presence of moisture) since it virtually occurs in dry gaseous environments or molten salts, hi certain cases, HTC may be an internal oxidation process when oxygen diffusion is faster than the surface oxidation rate. 

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