High-pressure hydrogenation processes

In the analysis of fatty oils complete expelling of the oxygen by a catalytic high pressure hydrogenation process reduces the problem to the analysis of saturated hydrocarbon mixtures. Such drastic chemical transformations should be executed under strongly controlled conditions only. 

The fractionated methyl esters can be converted into fatty alcohols by the high-pressure hydrogenation process in the presence of a catalyst. Usually, copper chromite catalyst is used. Copper chromite catalyst also converts any unsamrated carbon double bonds so that only saturated fatty alcohols are formed. If unsamrated fatty alcohols are desired, a special zinc-bearing catalyst is employed. 

Sulfur gases arising during synthetic crude production from the bitumen and from the high-pressure hydrogenation process for synthetic crude stabilization are captured in amine scrubbers, and subsequently converted to sulfur via the Claus process (Chap. 9). Approximately 1500 tonnes of sulfur are produced daily from these sources by the two older hot water extraction plants. Occasionally these control measures have been inadequate to maintain low ambient air sulfur dioxide concentrations, particularly during an inversion episode. The potential of vanadium and nickel recovery from fly ash, which is possible on the scale of 1,600 and 3,900 tonnes/year, respectively, has also been considered. 

Yannopoulos, J.C., The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991, 224. Magdeburg-P A high-pressure hydrogenation process developed by Lurgi in World War II. 

PE produced by a high-pressure polymerization process (pressure 1000-3000 atm) using a free radical initiator is a highly branched material that contains both LCBs and SCBs. The polymer so produced is a low-density material (density up to about 0.925 g/cc) and is known as high-pressure low-density PE (HP LDPE). The LCBs are formed via intermolecular hydrogen transfer [19], whereas SCBs are formed by intramolecular hydrogen abstraction [16]. 

Higher molecular primary unbranched or low-branched alcohols are used not only for the synthesis of nonionic but also of anionic surfactants, like fatty alcohol sulfates or ether sulfates. These alcohols are produced by catalytic high-pressure hydrogenation of the methyl esters of fatty acids, obtained by a transesterification reaction of fats or fatty oils with methanol or by different procedures, like hydroformylation or the Alfol process, starting from petroleum chemical raw materials. 

Esters can be reduced by high-pressure hydrogenation (a reaction preferred for industrial processes and often referred to as hydrogenolysis because the C-0 bond is cleaved in the process), or through the use of LiAlfL. 

HYTORT A process for making gaseous and liquid fuels from oil shale. Developed by the Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, in 1959. It uses high-pressure hydrogenation, which recovers more of the carbon from shale than does pyrolysis. In 1981 a joint venture of IGT with the Phillips Petroleum Company was formed in order to make a feasibility study. 

Pier-Mittasch A high-pressure, catalytic process for making methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Developed by M. Pier and A. Mittasch at BASF in the 1920s. 

The TRBP and GPCR reactors are high-tem-perature, low-pressure hydrogen processes, and leakage of hydrogen from them is a safety concern. 

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