High performance liquid miniaturization

Ishii, D., Asai, K., Hibi, K., Jonokuchi, T., and Nagaya, M., A study of micro-high-performance liquid chromatography. I. Development of technique for miniaturization of high-performance liquid chromatography, /. Chromatogr., 144,157,1977. 

Shintani, Y., Hirako, K., Motokawa, M., Iwano, T., Zhou, X., Takano, Y, Furuno, M., Minakuchi, H., and Ueda, M., Development of miniaturized multi-chaimel high-performance liquid chromatography for high-throughput analysis. Journal of Chromatography A 1073(1-2), 17-23, 2005. 

Di Corcia, A., M. Marchetti, and R. Samperi (1987). Rapid determination of simazine and atrazine in water at the parts per trillion (1012) level Extraction by a miniaturized carbopack B trap followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 405 357-363. 

Typically, all components can be analyzed in a 5- to 10-min time period (although miniaturized GCs are faster). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be used to measure dissolved solute levels, including proteins. 

A large number of analytical methods for detection of CWA degradation products are available. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection are the most widely used.6,7 However, limitations of these methods include complicated derivatization procedures, long analysis time, and difficulty in miniaturization. 

Y. Shintani, K. Hirako, M. Motokawa, T. Iwano, X. Zhou, Y. Takano, M. Furano, H. Minakuchi and M. Ueda, Development of miniaturized multi-channel high-performance liquid chromatography for high-throughput analysis, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1073(1-2), 17. 

H. Rosing, M. J. X. HUlebrand, J. M. Jimeno, A. Gomez, and P. Floriano, Quantitative determination of Eteinascidin 743 in human plasma by miniaturized high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry,/. Mass Spectrom. 33 (1998), 1134-1140. 

Nearly one decade has passed since the introduction of microscale high-performance liquid chromatogr q>hy(HPLC)(1,2). Some advcuitages of micro HPLC aurising from miniaturization as well ats its efficiency have attracted a lot of chromatographers attentions. Column prepauration, injection amd detection techniques suitable for micro HPLC have been developed atnd au e inqproving. 

A typical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system consists of two pumps, a mixer, an injector, a guard colunm, a separation column, a detector, an electrospray nozzle, and a mass spectrometer. The two pumps and the mixer allow establishment of desired solvent gradients. The injector is used to inject a small amount of sample into the column. In all separation techniques, definition of a small volume of injected sample is cmcial in preventing adverse broadening of peaks and a consequent loss in compmient resolution. The injected compounds are separated in the separation colunm and then detected via a simple detector or a mass spectrometer. All of the parts of the HPLC system have been miniaturized, and several research groups have been able to demonstrate on-chip HPLC separations. 

I. Development of technique for miniaturization of high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 1977,144, 157. 

Chemical analysis systems, such as spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and immunoassays, always consist of a combination of a reaction or separation and a detection system. In the following section, some generic features for chemical reactions and separations are addressed, and the major conventional detection techniques as well as the integration and miniaturization of optical components used in chemical analysis are briefly reviewed. In the key... 

Barfi, B., A. Asghari, M. Rajabi, A. Barfi, and I. Saeidi. 2013. Simplified miniaturized ultrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic determination of seven flavonoids in citrus fruit juice and human fluid samples Hesperetin and naringenin as biomarkers, f. Chromatogr. A 13H(l) 30-40. 

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