High-Fructose Corn Syrups HFCS

In 2002, approximately 2.2 billion bushels of corn were processed in the United States for the production of food, fuel, and industrial products. Of that 2.2 billion bushels, 19.22 million tonnes (757 million bushels) were used for high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), glucose and dextrose, 6.34 million tonnes (250 million bushels) for pearl starch, 26.69 million tonnes (1051 million bushels) for fuel and beverage alcohol, and 4.75 million tonnes (187 million bushels) for cereals and other products (Corn Refiners Association, 2003). More than 50% of the com processed in the United States is done so using the corn wet milling process. 

High fructose corn syrups (HFCS), 10 253, 290 23 484 26 288-289 High fructose corn sweetener (HFCS),... 

Xylose isomerases (EC 5.3.1.5), often referred to as glucose isomerase, have been studied extensively, in large part because of their use in the conversion of glucose to fructose for high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The world market for HFCS is expected to reach a total of 7.9 million metric tons in 1990 which, at a cost of 0.20/LB, would amount to 3.2 billion (i), and sales of xylose isomerase is expected to be about 15 million (T. Wallace, International Biosynthetics, personal communication). Research on xylose isomerase has produced DNA sequences of the gene from a number of bacterial strains, including the detailed structure of the xylose operon (2-7). In addition, x-ray crystallographic studies (8), kinetic measurements (9), and the use of inhibitors (10,11) have led to descriptions of the location of the active site and mechanistic models of its activity. 

In recent years, the conversion of starch to fructose has become a very important commercial process. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is approximately twice as sweet as sucrose. It is used in soft drinks, canned fruits, lactic acid beverages, juice, bread, ice cream, frozen candies, and so on. HFCS can be obtained from a variety of cereals and vegetables, such as corn, wheat, rice, potatoes, and cassava. Corn is the most important source of HFCS because of low costs and excellent utilities of its by-products, corn meal, oil, gluten, germ, and fiber. 

The food industry is a fertile area for biocatalysis applications high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) from glucose with glucose isomerase, the thermolysin-catalyzed synthesis of the artificial sweetener Aspartame , hydrolysis of lactose for lactose-intolerant consumers, and the synthesis of the nutraceutical i-camitine in a two-enzyme system from "ybutyrobetaine all serve as examples. 

Design of Enzyme Processes High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)... 

High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) occurs as a water white to light yellow, somewhat viscous liquid that darkens at high temperatures. It is a saccharide mixture prepared as a clear, aqueous solution from high-dextrose-equivalent corn starch hydrolysate by the partial enzymatic conversion of glucose (dextrose) to fructose, using an insoluble glucose isomerase preparation that complies with 21 CFR 184.1372 and that has been obtained from a pure culture fermentation that produces no antibiotics. It is miscible in all proportions with water. 

High fructose syrups, prepared from starch, are commonly used instead of sugar. They are generally known as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) containing 30 percent fructose, 35 percent glucose, and 6 percent higher saccharides. They are only 74 percent as sweet as sucrose, therefore more has to be used to achieve the same sweetness. 

Enzymes are used as catalysts for large scale bioconversions e.g. glucose iso-merase in the high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) process 10, penicillinase in the synthesis of semisynthetic penicillins 11, as well as aminoamidase 12, 13 and ami-noacylase[14 in the production of L-amino acids. Additionally, a variety of processes for fine chemical synthesis has been developed, e. g. for amino acids, peptides and a broad spectrum of other optically active substances 15-23. ... 

Virtually the only important use of fructose is as a sweetener and preservative in a number of food products. In most cases, it is now used in the form of a substance known as high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). HFCS was first introduced in the 1970s after scientists at the Clinton Corn Processing Company in Clinton, Iowa, developed a method of converting the sugar in corn into glucose and fructose. The Clinton... 

In the production of high-fructose corn syrups (HFCS) used as sweeteners in commercial food and drink products ... 

Recently, much attention has been given to the production of liquid sweeteners as an alternative to cane sugar using inexpensive starch-containing natural materials as the primary feed stock. This situation exists in the United States as this country is not self sufficient in the production of cane, but must rely heavily on importation mainly from South America and the Caribbean. The main source of sta rch in the United States comes from corn (Zea mays) and the liquid sweetener commercially produced from this material is called high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The current method of production of HFCS is via wet milling which exploits the physical properties of the whole corn constituents (oil, starch, gluten, and fiber) for their separation coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis of the starch fraction to monosaccharides. 

Ruiz-Matute, A.I. Weiss, M. Sammataro, D. Finely, J. Sanz, M.L. (2010). Carbohydrate composition of high-fructose corn syrups (HFCS) used for bee feeding effect on honey composition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 58, p.7317-7322, ISSN 0021-8561... 

A significant amount of glucose syrups are used in this segment as sweeteners. High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS), a glucose syrup with high concentration... 

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