High explosive substance

When chlorine gas is in excess a highly explosive substance, nitrogen trichloride, NCI3, is formed ... 

It is assumed that fluorine with perchloric acid at 72% forms the following highly explosive substance ... 

Evidence for ozonides to be primary products in furan and alkyl-substituted furan oxygenation reactions has been obtained. Thus, furan (388) is converted to a highly explosive substance at low temperatures,... 

Isoprene (2-Methy 1-1,3-butadiene) Peroxide, Polymeric. (No formula given). Resinous substance decomp slightly above 0°. Reported in Ref 2 as a highly explosive substance. May be prepd by the reaction of isoprene with molecular oxygen... 

Figure 101. William H. Rinkenbach. Has published many studies on the physical, chemical, and explosive properties of pure high-explosive substances and primary explosives. Research Chemist, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1919-1927 Assistant Chief Chemist, Picatinny Arsenal, 1927-1929 Chief Chemist, 1929—.

Cupric hydrazoate, Cu(Ns)a.—The only cupric nitride known is the hydrazoate, a highly explosive substance of deep reddish-brown colour. It is formed by dissolving copper in hydrazoic acid, and by the action of sodium hydrazoate on cupric sulphate.4... 

Heating a mixture of FN3 and CIN3 to 393K results in a yellow, highly explosive substance that has not been isolated so far. It is assumed to be CINNF. " ... 

McLuckey proposed the use of glow discharges coupled with quadrupole ion-trap MS for the determination of high-explosive substances in the vapor phase. The gas sampling GD system was found to be very effective at forming negative ions, e.g. from mono-, di- and trinitrophenols, mono-, di- and trinitrotoluenes, S, and others. 

When toluene is treated with sulfuric and nitric acids under special conditions, three nitro (NO2) groups are substituted for hydrogens at the 2,4 and 6 positions on the ring (the next section discusses why the 2,4, and 6 positions are substituted). The product is a highly explosive substance called 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. This substance is commonly known by a three letter name. What is it ... 

A significant advantage of the PLM is in the differentiation and recognition of various forms of the same chemical substance polymorphic forms, eg, brookite, mtile, and anatase, three forms of titanium dioxide calcite, aragonite and vaterite, all forms of calcium carbonate Eorms I, II, III, and IV of HMX (a high explosive), etc. This is an important appHcation because most elements and compounds possess different crystal forms with very different physical properties. PLM is the only instmment mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the detection and identification of the six forms of asbestos (qv) and other fibers in bulk samples. 

Part B Highly reactive substances and explosive substances ... 

Highly Hazardous Chemical - Toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive substances, as defined in Appendix A of 29 CFR 1910.119, "Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals."... 

Tellurium nitride was first obtained by the reaction of TeBt4 with liquid ammonia more than 100 years ago. The empirical formula TeN was assigned to this yellow, highly insoluble and explosive substance. However, subsequent analytical data indicated the composition is Tc3N4 which, in contrast to 5.6a and 5.6b, would involve tetravalent tellurium. This conclusion is supported by the recent preparation and structural determination of Te6N8(TeCl4)4 from tellurium tetrachloride and tris(trimethylsilyl)amine (Eq. 5.5). The TceNs molecule (5.12), which is a dimer of Tc3N4, forms a rhombic dodecahedron in which the... 

We now illustrate the opposite case where the intermediate is in fact a highly undesirable substance, as it presents a health, or even explosion, hazard. The hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds, such as the one shown in Fig. 2.6, is industrially important for the production of dyes, whiteners, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. The reaction occurs in the presence of a platinum catalyst and proceeds via intermediates, among which the hydroxylamine (-NHOH) species is particularly hazardous, as it is both carcinogenic and explosive. Unfortunately, standard platinum catalysts give rise to high levels of this undesired intermediate. 

Risk analysis. The risk of accidents can be assessed in terms of two factors severity and probability of the accident. Severity is high if consequences of the accident to employees, the public, the environment, and the plant are significant. Severity is related to the amount and properties of hazardous (toxic, flammable, explosive) substances that can escape to the surroundings during the accident, and to the energy that is released during the accident. Probability is associated with the likelihood of the occurrence of unwanted chains of events and the time of development of undesired events starting from the disturbance. If the time... 

Carothers was interested in rubber, but his reasons were scientific rather than commercial. He thought of natural rubber as a relatively simple example of a highly polymerized substance. So in 1930, without any immediate commercial goal in mind, Carothers gave Arnold M. Collins, a 31-year-old chemist familiar with DVA, the job of exploring its chemistry. Carothers wanted Collins to purify their samples of DVA and identify its impurities. Carothers suspected that impurities had caused the explosions in Du Pont s laboratories. 

For some substances safety considerations play a large role in deciding operating conditions. For instance, the pressure within equipment containing a toxic substance may be kept below atmospheric pressure to prevent it from coming in contact with employees. On the other hand, some highly explosive materials may be kept a pressure above atmospheric so that air cannot enter the equipment and cause an explosion. 

However, to focus attention on the potential hazards always associated with the use of flammable and especially highly flammable substances, some 560 gases and liquids with flash points below 25° C and/or autoignition temperature below 225°C have been included in the text, their names prefixed with a dagger. The numerical values of the fire hazard-related properties of flashpoint, autoignition temperature and explosive (flammability) limits in air where known are given in the tabular Appendix 2. Those elements or compounds which ignite on exposure to air are included in the text, but not in the Table. 

When exposed to the atmosphere, sodium amide rapidly takes up moisture and carbon dioxide. When exposed to only limited amounts, as in imperfectly sealed containers, products are formed which render the resulting mixture highly explosive.1 The formation of oxidation products is accompanied by the development of a yellow or brownish color. If such a change is noticed, the substance should be destroyed at once. This is conveniently accomplished by covering with much benzene, toluene, or kerosene and slowly adding dilute alcohol with stirring. 

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