Hierarchical products

The death of old products, the birth of new ones, changing demands, and the need to compose the optimal hierarchical production plan with an optimal use of the equipment and the shortest possible total production time make the timing of production more important than plant design. The use of rigorous optimization techniques can be most profitable at production planning and scheduling of existing batch plants, especially multipurpose plants. 

Vicens E, Alemany ME, Andres C, Guarch JJ (2001) A design and application methodology for hierarchical production planning decision support systems in an enterprise integration context. International Journal of Production Economics 74 5-20... 

Venkateswaran, J., Son, Y., and Jones, A. Hierarchical production planning using a hybrid system dynamic-discrete event simulation architecture. In Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference, volume 2, pages 1094-1102, 2004. 

Bitran GR, Tirupati D (1993) Hierarchical production planning. In Graves SC, Rinnooy Kan AHG, Zipkin PH (eds) Handbooks in optaatitnis research and management science logistics of production and inventory, vol. 4. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 523-568... 

Graves SC (1982) Using Lagrangean techniques to solve hierarchical production planning problems. Manag Sci 28 260-275... 

Although there are no Registry Numbers in the PROMT file, there is a hierarchic product code, supporting up to seven levels. The example of bisphenol A (Fig. 147) may demonstrate how deeply the code goes into detail. The code is truncated automatically. 

Bitran G., E. Haas and A.C. Hax (1981), "Hierarchical Production Planning A Single Stage System" Operations Research, Vol. 29, pp. 717-743. 

Particles are seldom sole as such, and they are usually integrated in products. Paper, ceramics, and bread are just three well-known examples of everyday use. Advanced structural and functional materials consisting of particles and powders are made to be integrated into all the functional devices mentioned in this overview. The implementation of nanotechnologies is stiU hmited due to the difficulties in preserving the beautifiil nanostructures and their excellent properties produced in the lab upon transferring them into industrial practice. We have to understand how hierarchical products evolve in multiscale processes. Important questions must be answered such as where does quahty evolve in chemical processes and how can we control electronic and structural defects of particles and particle systems across all... 

In order to address these challenges, a hierarchical approach may be adopted. This approach focuses on the big picture first, then adds details to promising solutions. Therefore, preliminary screening ought to be conducted first to identify overall reaction alternatives that meet process requirements in terms of desired product, cost effectiveness, environmental acceptability, and thermodynamic feasibility. At this stage, minimum details are to be invoked. The problem of synthesizing environmentally acceptable reactions EARs has been introduced by Crabtree and El-Halwagi (1994) and can be stated as follows ... 

In order for personnel to achieve a common objective (product or service quality) they must relate to one another - they must interact. Work passes from one person to another, from one department to another and often this relationship is quite different from the hierarchical relationship of personnel in the company. In order to meet this particular requirement it is therefore necessary to ... 

In order to indicate the hierarchical position of a section, the top of every page of text shows the headings of up to three connected sections that are superior in hierarchy. These running heads provide the context within which the title of the section under discussion becomes meaningful. As an example, the page of Volume 1 on which section 1.4.9.1.3 in the Production of Methanol starts, carries the running heads ... 

Friedel-Crafts acylation is widely used for the production of aromatic ketones applied as intermediates in both fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries. The reaction is carried out by using conventional homogenous catalysts, which represents significant technical and environmental problems. The present work reports the results obtained in the Friedel-Crafts acylation of aromatic substrates (anisole and 2-methoxynaphthalene) catalyzed by Beta zeolite obtained by crystallization of silanized seeds. This material exhibits hierarchical porosity and enhanced textural properties. For the anisole acylation, the catalytic activity over the conventional Beta zeolite is slightly higher than with the modified Beta material, probably due to the relatively small size of this substrate and the weaker acidity of the last sample. However, the opposite occurred in the acylation of a bulky substrate (2-methoxynaphthalene), with the modified Beta showing a higher conversion. This result is interpreted due to the presence of a hierarchical porosity in this material, which favors the accessibility to the active sites. 

The catalytic activity of hierarchical and conventional Beta zeolites for acylation of 2-MN is displayed in Figure 2(a) The Beta (PHAPTMS) sample shows a superior catalytic activity than the conventional one, due to its enhanced textural properties. In this case, the bulky nature of both substrate and products may cause the existence of diffusional problems inside the zeolitic channels, which are attenuated in the modified Beta sample due to the presence of the hierarchical porosity. Regarding the product distribution (Figure 2(b)), two main products are observed and a third isomer, 8-A,2-MN isomer is produced just in minor amounts. Interestingly, the selectivity towards the desired isomer increases in the material obtained from silanized seeds, reaching values around 75%. Probably, the active sites located on the surface of the secondary porosity are able to catalyze also the formation of 6-A,2-MN by transacylation. However, this reaction is expected to be strongly hindered in the conventional Beta zeolite since it requires the participation of two bulky molecules as reactants. 

In Section 11.4.5, we have already seen that the SNP optimizer is restricted to plan in the SNP horizon. If campaign production problems are solved in the context of hierarchical planning it is important that the SNP optimizer respects setup operations of PP/DS orders in the overlap of the SNP and PP/DS horizon. This... 

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