Hierarchical products process—structure functions

Particles are seldom sole as such, and they are usually integrated in products. Paper, ceramics, and bread are just three well-known examples of everyday use. Advanced structural and functional materials consisting of particles and powders are made to be integrated into all the functional devices mentioned in this overview. The implementation of nanotechnologies is stiU hmited due to the difficulties in preserving the beautifiil nanostructures and their excellent properties produced in the lab upon transferring them into industrial practice. We have to understand how hierarchical products evolve in multiscale processes. Important questions must be answered such as where does quahty evolve in chemical processes and how can we control electronic and structural defects of particles and particle systems across all... 

In the final chapter "Principles of Statistical Chemistry as Applied to Kinetic Modeling of Polymer Obtaining Processes" by Semion Kuchanov (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia), the contemporary problems of bridging models of micro- and macrostructure are discussed. The hierarchical analysis of chemical correlation functions (so-called chemical correlators) is a subject of the author s special interest. These problems are presented conceptually stressing that the problem of crucial importance is revealing the relation between the process mode and the chemical structure of polymer products obtained. 

The hierarchical character of reaction systems does not end with decomposition of reactions into steps. At the next level, many reactions taken together make up pathways. In bioprocesses, such pathways form long chains, cycles, and branching structures that accomplish biologically identifiable functions. In other processes, a pathway is used to describe the sequence of transformations that are needed to obtain the desired product from the available raw materials. One might even envision, at the next level, pathways combined to describe entire chemical plants or families of processing technologies. 

An enterprise or an organization is completely described according to GRAI Methodology by finding five models functional (functions of the enterprise and their links), physical (the production system), informational (the net, tools, and informational flows), process (series of sequences or tasks), and decisional (structure of orders, hierarchic organization). Then these models could be improved for increasing enterprise performance. 

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