Heterogeneity mode

CAE employing antibodies or antibody-related substances is currently referred to as immunoaf-hnity capillary electrophoresis (lACE), and is emerging as a powerful tool for the identification and characterization of biomolecules found in low abundance in complex matrices that can be used as biomarkers, which are essential for pharmaceutical and clinical research [166]. Besides the heterogeneous mode utilizing immobilized antibodies as described above, lACE can be performed in homogeneous format where both the analyte and the antibody are in a liquid phase. Two different approaches are available competitive and noncompetitive immunoassay. The noncompetitive immunoassay is performed by incubating the sample with a known excess of a labeled antibody prior to the separation by CE. The labeled antibodies that are bound to the analyte (the immuno-complex) are then separated from the nonbound labeled antibody on the basis of their different electrophoretic mobility. The quantification of the analyte is then performed on the basis of the peak area of the nonbonded antibody. 

Thomson G, Robinson WP, Kuhner MK, Joe S, MacDonald MJ, Gottschall JL, Barbosa J, Rich SS, Bertrams J, Baur MP, Partanen J, Tait B, Schober E, Mayr WR, Ludvigsson J, Lindblom B, Farid NR, Thompson C, Deschamps I. Genetic heterogeneity, modes of inheritance and risk estimates for a joint study of Caucasians with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Hum Genet 1988 43 799-816. 

The investigations [5,62-65] show that the presence of a modifier of nucleating action in an alloy is necessary to obtain the nondendritic structure. Introduction of small additions of transition metals (Ti, Zr, etc.) and activation of noncontrolling solid impurities ensure sharp increase in the quantity of solidification sites. So we may conclude that the ultrasonic treatment of a solidifying melt does not change the heterogeneous mode of solid solution crystallization on the surface of particles of intermetallics of transition metals but provides efficient multiplication of solidification sites due to the activation of impurity particles. 

About 95% of all hydrogenation processes are performed using Pd/C or Raney Nickel in the heterogenous mode. " The asymmetric hydrogenation, with high enantio-selectivities is the only area where the homogenous hydrogenation can predominate. 

Polymer heterogeneity may also affect plasticizer distribution. Cellulose ititrate is heterogeneous because of the nature of cellulose and the heterogeneous mode of nitration. This results in formation of domains with lower degree of ititration. The study shows that plasticizer distribution was affected by the degree of nitration. 

Operating the polymerization in a heterogeneous mode allows one to more easily absorb the heat of the polymerization produced by vinyl monomers. 

The auto-correlation function in figure 3 contains information on the structure of the velocity signal in time. In chemical reaction engineering, however, one is mostly interested in spatial structures of the flow. Usually the link between the measured time histories u(t) and the spatial flow field u(X) were obtained by application of Taylor s hypothesis (5). Taylor s hypothesis, however, only holds when the absolute value of the fluctuating velocity component u(t) is small when compared with the mean flow velocity U. Normally, this is not fulfilled in bubble columns operated in the heterogeneous mode. 

Fig. 6A-D. The metabolism of a short pulse of lAA by wild-type (A + C) and a ts auxin-auxotrophic variant (B + D) of H. muticus. The suspension cultures were precultured at 26 C without auxin and subcultured just prior to the experiment into fresh medium with 3.75 juM 2,4-D (A + B) or without 2,4-D (C + D). After 2 days incubation at 33 ° C (sufficient time for the expression of the XIIB2 phenotype), all cultures were pulsed for 10 min with 0.45 Ci/g [ring-2]- C-IAA (CEA 49 mCi/mmol) and chased for 1 min with a large volume of W5 medium containing lAA at 10 M. Tissues were extracted in 80% methanol, the extracts were reduced in vacuo to the aqueous phase and an aliquot containing 5.0 X 10 dpm was separated on a 25 X 0.46 cm HPLC column packed with 55 Nucleosil C18. The buffers were a) 10% methanol or b) 60% methanol both in 20 mM acetic acid/triethylamine pH 3.5. The gradient was 30 min linear 0-100% (b) at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The metabolites were monitored using an on-line radioactivity detector in the heterogenous mode. Full scale is 100 cps and the plots are fitted to the highest peak. The peaks labelled lAA-Asp and lAA-Glc were further purified and identified by GC-MS or treatment with endo-b-l,4-glucanohydrolase and further HPLC respectively...

Continuous-flow reactions at any scale for either analytical or preparative purpose can be performed, in principle, in homogeneous or heterogeneous mode (Table 9.1). 

On the other hand, studying the influence of the surface material on the DMTM process in one [140] of a series of works, where a very high selectivity of methanol formation (P = 30 atm, T = 350 °C, tj- > 100 s) was observed, revealed no significant differences in the selectivity and yield of methanol in reactors with different surfaces, such as Pyrex, Teflon, stainless steel, silver, and copper. In these experiments, the selectivity of methanol formation on all surfaces reached values close to 90% or more, whereas the methanol yield was as high as 10.7%. However, the authors do not exclude the possibility of influence of the surface material on the temperature and reaction time. In particular, it was found that the maximum selectivity in reactors with metal surfaces was achieved at temperatures higher by nearly 50 °C. This is probably due to the fact that, at lower temperatures in the presence of a metal surface, the oxidation occurs mostly in the heterogeneous mode with the formation of mainly deep-oxidation products. 

Cooperative diffusion of transient polymer networks, heterogeneity mode related to polymer self-diffusion in diblock copolymers, entanglement mode, chain reptation, viscoelastic relaxation, diffusion of clusters Viscoelastic relaxation, a- and 3-relaxation... 

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