Herbicides simazine

The triazine herbicides simazine, atrazine, and hexazinone are commonly used in Christmas tree plantings in North America. Hexazinone is widely used in certain pines and on other conifer species in natural stands in regions where the organic matter content in soil is adequate to prevent excessive leaching to conifer root zones. Simazine and... 

These landmarks in American agriculture, and many others dated from before 1600 to 1990, are documented by Smith and Roth (1990). In 1958 and 1959 another major milestone in com production was attained when the triazine herbicides (simazine and atrazine) were registered for weed control in com. 

The widespread application of herbicides in agriculture has resulted in many polluted surface waters. As a result, numerous pesticides/herbicides have been treated in bench-scale laboratory studies with 03/UV/H202 processes during the last 10 years (see Table 10). Among them, many studies focused on the treatment of atrazine and other. v-triazine herbicides (simazine, prop-azine, etc.). Atrazine is a priority pollutant that similar to other individual pesticides has a very low maximum contaminant level (MCL) (0.1 pg L 1 for the European Environmental Commission according to Directive 80/778/ EEC). In some countries atrazine cannot be used but it is still found in many surface waters. In France, for example, atrazine was banned on September 28, 2001. From applied technologies, only carbon adsorption [180] and possibly advanced oxidations can be recommended to remove some of these... 

Ertuu9, T., Hartlieb, N., Bems, A., Klein, W., and Schaeffer, A. 2002. Investigations on the binding mechanism of the herbicide simazine to dissolved organic matter in leachates of compost. Chemosphere, 49 597-604. 

The application of a potentiometric immunosensor for detecting the herbicide simazine in food was described by Yulaev et al. [113]. After a competitive immune reaction on the gold planar electrode surface, the... 

In other examples, computationally designed MIPs were prepared for herbicides simazine,84 carbamate,80 and triazines.83 The modeling approach was able to identify... 

Piletska, E. V. Turner, N. W. Turner, A. P. F. Piletsky, S. A, Controlled release of the herbicide simazine from computationally designed molecularly imprinted polymers, J. Controlled Release. 2005, 108, 132-139... 

Numerical solutions of these relations have been obtained using the data from column studies and the estimates of / and 2 have been derived, making the assumption that sorption at site-1 is very rapid with ki = 1000 day. Results with a common triazine herbicide, Simazine, in different soils are summarized in... 

Triazines. Triazine herbicides are one of several herbicide groups that are heterocycHc nitrogen derivatives. Triazine herbicides include the chloro-, methylthio-, and methoxytriazines. They are used for the selective pre-emergence control and early post-emergence control of seedling grass and broadleaved weeds in cropland (299). In addition, some of the triazines, particularly atrazine, prometon [1610-18-0] and simazine [122-34-9] are used for the nonselective control of vegetation in noncropland (2). Simazine may be used for selective control of aquatic weeds (2). 

Herbicides. An array of herbicides are registered for use in aquatic sites, but copper sulfate and diquat dibromide are of additional interest because they also have therapeutic properties (9,10). Copper sulfate has been used to control bacteria, fungi, and certain parasites, including Jchthjophthirius (ich). Diquat dibromide can control columnaris disease, but it also exhibits fungicidal properties (9,10). EPA recentiy proposed to limit the amount of diquat dibromide, endothaH, glyphosate, and simazine that can be present in drinking water therefore, the use of these compounds may be reduced if they cannot be removed from the effluent. 

Herbicides Diquat bromide Atrazine Simazine Diiiron... 

Simazine 0.004 0.004 Problems with blood Herbicide runoff... 

Depending on the duration of heating yellow-green to dark green chromatogram zones were produced on a weakly colored background. The detection limits of the triazine herbicides cyanazine (h/Jf 25-30), simazine (h/Jf 30-35), atrazine (h/Jf 40-45), terbutylazine (h/Jf 45-50) and anilazine (h/Jf 60-65) were 20 ng substance per chromatogram zone. 

Ureides (e.g., diuron, linuron) and triazines (e.g., atrazine, simazine, ametryne) all act as inhibitors of photosynthesis and are applied to soil (see Figure 14.1 for structures). They are toxic to seedling weeds, which they can absorb from the soil. Some of them (e.g., simazine) have very low water solubility and, consequently, are persistent and relatively immobile in soil (see Chapter 4, Section 4.3, which also mentions the question of depth selection when these soil-acting herbicides are used for selective weed control). 

These high levels were sporadic and transitory. However, some of them were high enough to have caused phytotoxicity, and more work needs to be done to establish whether herbicides are having adverse effects upon populations of aquatic plants in areas highlighted in this study. It should also be borne in mind that there may have been additive or synergistic effects caused by the combinations of herbicides found in these samples. For example, urea herbicides such as diuron and chlortoluron act upon photosynthesis by a common mechanism, so it seems likely that any effects upon aquatic plants will be additive. Similarly, simazine and atrazine share a common mechanism of action. 

In general, triazines are pre- and post-emergence selective herbicides particularly effective on annual and perennial broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sorghum, cotton, soybeans, sugar cane, and a host of other fruit and cereal crops. Some have anti-fungicidal properties (e.g., anilazine), and some (e.g., simazine) can be used for... 

Thus it is significant that for such si/m-triazine herbicides as simazine, atrazine, etc., the health and hygiene MPC (toxicity to warm-blooded animals, including humans) and phytotoxic MPC (toxicity to plants) differ by more than an order of magnitude 0.2-0.5 mg/kg for warm-blooded animals, and 0.01 mg/ kg for plants [89]. Warm-blooded animals and arthropods have a difference in sensitivity to many pyretroids that can reach tens of thousands of times [90]. 

After use, herbicides decompose slowly, and so affect cultivated plants for many years. In 1990, investigations in many regions of the USSR detected herbicides phytotoxic effects, especially among the si/m-triazine class, on different cultivars in many varied situations [13]. These sym-triazine herbicides, such as protrazin, simazin, atrazine, metazin, and prometrin, were used in different oblasts of the Ukraine, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Moldavia in previous years, especially on corn. Residual herbicide aftereffects led to the suppression and death of crops such as winter wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, beets and sugar beets, linen, onions, watermelons and other melons, and sunflowers. 

After introducing recommended amounts of terbutrin and chlortoluron, wheat suffered more seriously from downy mildew. Monolinuron and simazin affected winter wheat similarly. Herbicides such as 2,4-MCPA, ioxynil, dicamba, and several others increased the amount of root rot damage to winter wheat on average by 60% when compared with the control crop. Treating grain crops using... 

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