Growth increment

Fig. 2. Comparison of the effects of various stress treatments upon reproductive effort in Poa annua. The intensity of each stress treatment is characterised by comparing the growth increment of stressed plants to that of control (unstressed) plants over the same experimental period. , control O, water stress (polyethylene glycol) A, mineral nutrient stress (dilute concentrations of Rorison solution) shading by neutral filters (Smit, 1980).

All of our results Indicate that Increased productivity Is associated with reduced budworm success. In the Montana study this was evidenced by the relationship between budworm Infestation Intensity and bole radius. In the Barley Canyon study, the relationship between budworm growth and crown ratio, the 5 year growth Increment, and total nitrogen support this conclusion as well. Assuming that productivity declines with age, the positive correlation between budworm success and age also Implies that a decline In vigor Increases tree susceptibility to budworm. 

Table I Growth Increment Due to C14-Gibberellin on First Internodal Elongation under Greenhouse Conditions...

Microscopic growth increments 1 to 100 microns thick have been recorded from mollusc shells327. These were explained as daily deposits. However, a note of caution should be sounded in view of the findings that in some shells tidal growth increments are indicated and that the average duration of an increment is 24 hours and 50 minutes (circalunadian rhythm)337. ... 

Evans, J. W. Tidal growth increments in the cockle Clinocardium nuttalli. Science 176, 416-417 (1972). 

Fukazawa K, Imagawa H (1981) Quantitative analysis of lignin using an UV microscopic image analyzer Variation within one growth increment Wood Sci Technol 15 45-55 Fukazawa K, Imagawa H (1983) Ultraviolet and fluorescence microscopic studies of lignin 1983 Proc Int Symp Wood Pulp Chem May 23-27, 1983, Tsukuba, Japan, TAPPI I 20-23... 

In the subtropics, or in highly elevated tropical areas, some trees can lose their leaves during part of the year. This situation can then be reflected in a visible change in the type of wood produced. The general result is a detectable growth increment that appears as a growth ring on a cross-section of the tree stem. 

Growth increments reach their most advanced form in temperate-zone trees where the norm is a single, generally distinct, and circumferential band of wood production each year (Figure 6). The appearance of these so-called annual rings varies between hardwoods and softwoods with species, tree age, and growing conditions. These factors, together with certain other environmental effects, can also... 

Figure 6. Stem cross section of Sitka spruce showing about 24 annual growth increments. (Photo by W. /. McCleary.)...

Figure 8. Representation of growth increments in a 6-tjear-old tree stem. Note that the increments are deposited as inverted hollow cones. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 40. Copyright 1982, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Press.)...

The initiation of a growth increment and the production of new wood cells each year in a given tree are governed by a complex system of tree physiology involving interaction of the tree crown with... 

Figure 9. Light micrograph of the earlywood-to-latewood transition within softwood growth increments as viewed in cross section. Key A, abrupt transition in eastern larch, with thick-walled latewood fibers (D = resin duct) and B, gradual transition in eastern white pine, with relatively thin-walled latewood fibers.

The second problem associated with the determination of wood density is strictly one of logistics that is, exactly how should the necessary measurements be made, particularly that of volume If all wood samples of interest could be easily dressed to perfect geometrical shapes, volume measurement would not be a problem. However, this is not the case, and density information is often desired for large specimens, irregularly shaped specimens, or small samples of earlywood or latewood of a single growth increment. 

Growth increments which extend the area of the skeleton are formed by epithelia which may contract and extend, as in corals (Barnes, 1972), mol-... 

In summary, it appears that the pattern of frequency of formation and accordingly the size of growth increments may reflect one or more of three rhythms lunar, solar, and endogenous (Pannella, 1975). Their expression will result from environmental and internal influences affecting the movement and metabolism of tissues which produce the skeleton. 

Verrecchia, E.P. (2004) Multiresolution analysis of shell growth increments to detect natural cycles. In Francus, P. (Ed.) Image Analysis, Sediments and Paleoen-vironments, Vol. 7, Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic, pp. 273-293. 

Lutz JF (1971) Wood and log characteristics affecting veneer production. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL 150 Lutz JF (1974) Techniques for peeling, slicing, and drying veneer. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL 228 Macarthur RS (1952) The influence of initial stand density on growth, increment and timber quality of Pinus radiata. Internal report of the Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand... 

Five-year growth increment Average internode length (for 1981 and 1982)... 

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