Hepatitis blood transfusion

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Spherical particles 40 nm in diameter consisting of an inner core surrounded by an adherent lipid envelope The virus is spread through blood transfusions and blood products. Induces a hepatitis which is usually milder than that caused by HBV... 

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disease of increased intestinal iron absorption and deposition in hepatic, cardiac, and pancreatic tissue. Hepatic iron overload results in the development of fibrosis, hepatic scarring, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hemochromatosis can also be caused by repeated blood transfusions, but this mechanism rarely leads to cirrhosis. 

The most commonly used screening method for HIV is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which detects antibodies against HIV-1 and is both highly sensitive and specific. False positives can occur in multiparous women in recent recipients of hepatitis B, HIV, influenza, or rabies vaccine following multiple blood transfusions and in those with liver disease or renal failure, or undergoing chronic hemodialysis. False negatives may occur if the patient is newly infected and the test is performed before antibody production is adequate. The minimum time to develop antibodies is 3 to 4 weeks from initial exposure. 

Hepatitis B vaccine schedule consists of three injections given at time 0, 1 month after the first injection and a third injection given 6 months after the first injection. Patients at high risk are given a booster after 5 years to maintain the immunity profile. Patients receiving blood transfusions, haemophilia patients, patients with chronic liver disease, and haemodialysis patients are among the high-risk patients who should be vaccinated. 

Hepatic Effects. A single case study was located regarding hepatic effects in humans after oral exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene. In this case report, the author describes a 3-year-old boy who had been playing with crystals containing 1,4-dichlorobenzene for 4-5 days before being admitted to the hospital. On admission, the boy was jaundiced and his mucous membranes were pale. After a blood transfusion. 

Blood is also regularly tested, not just for blood group compatibility, but also for infections carried in the blood such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C viruses. Early in the AIDS epidemic, before the AIDS virus was identified and a test developed to detect whether a person has been exposed to the virus, patients did contract HIV through blood transfusions. Today, every unit of donated blood is tested for the presence of HIV, as well as for hepatitis B and C viruses. 

Postoperative hepatic dysfunction is typically associated with factors such as blood transfusions, hypovolemic shock, and other surgical stresses rather than volatile anesthetic toxicity. However, a small subset of individuals who have been previously exposed to halothane may develop potentially life-threatening hepatitis. The incidence of severe hepatotoxicity following exposure to halothane is in the range of one in 20,000-35,000. Obese patients who have had more than one exposure to halothane during a short time interval may be the most susceptible. There is no specific treatment for halothane hepatitis, and therefore liver transplantation may ultimately be required in the most severe cases. 

Postoperative hepatic dysfunction is usually associated with factors such as blood transfusions, hypovolemic shock, and other surgical stresses rather than anesthetic toxicity. However, a very... 

For many years, blood transfusion has been a therapy for children and adults with sickle cell disease. Prior to the 1980s, due to the lack of availability of blood products and the standard of care at that time, transfusion was used infrequently and generally only for catastrophic complications of this disease. During the 1980s, the risk of infection through transfusion was so high that transfusion continued to be used infrequently. When reliable testing for infectious diseases (e.g., HTV and hepatitis) in blood products became available, the use of red cell transfusion became standard of care for complications of sickle cell disease. 

Seventeen years after his transplant, he was found to have cirrhosis from hepatitis C, likely acquired from the many blood transfusions he required prior to and during his transplantation. He died awaiting a second hepatic transplant. 

The hepatitis C virus was defined in 1989. Prior to this, hepatitis following blood transfusion that was not caused by hepatitis A or B was referred to as non-A, non-B hepatitis. HCV is a positive, single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family. HCV can be subdivided into groups depending upon the genotype of the virus, which may be important in determining the severity of the disease and the response to treatment. It has been estimated that around 170 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C [15]. HCV is primarily transmitted... 

Blood transfusion Some 90% of cases of NANB posttransfusion hepatitis are caused by hepatitis C. The risk deriving from this greatly feared transmission route could be diminished by using the anti-HCV test to screen blood donors and blood units this caused a reduction from 4.0% to 0.6% and to < 1 for every 10,000 blood units (= residual risk if a so-called serological window is present). (295, 298, 301, 386, 396)... 

Fig. 35.10 Splenic infarction in splenomegaly due to complete liver cirrhosis. (Postpartum blood transfusion into the umbihcal vein, with subsequent severe viral hepatitis B and rapid transition into early infantile cirrhosis)...

Conrad ME. Diseases transmissible by blood transfusion viral hepatitis and other infectious disorders. Semin Hematol 1981 18(2) 122 6. 

It has been postulated that transfusion-transmitted virus (TT virus) can be transmitted through heat-treated blood products (16). Transfusion-transmitted virus is a common DNA virus in healthy Japanese, and it lacks a lipid envelope, similar to parvovirus B19 (16,17). Transmission of transfusion-transmitted virus often occurs with blood transfusion and it can cause post-transfusion hepatitis with high postoperative peak alanine transaminase activity (17). No patients with hepatitis due to transfusion-transmitted virus have clinically apparent hepatitis (17). The incidence of transfusion-transmitted virus viremia in patients with hemophiha... 

French investigators have evaluated the presence of serum markers of hepatitis A, B, and C viruses in a rural population of 303 volunteers (107). The main risk factors for positivity were past hospitalizations (72%), acupuncture (18%), conjugal unfaithfulness (11%), blood transfusion (9.4%), tattoos (5.8%), homosexuality (1.1%), and intravenous drug addiction (0.73%). 

The virus is spread through blood transfusions and blood products. Induces a hepatitis which is usually milder than that caused by HBV... 

Genetic manipulation (GM) also offers the prospect of healthier animals with improved resistance to diseases such as mastitis or to the ticks that can infest cattle, thus reducing the need for antibiotics and pesticides. Medicines may be produced in the milk of cows. For example, GM cows could produce milk with a clotting factor for hemophiliacs, milk containing human serum albumin for blood transfusions, or milk with a hepatitis vaccine. Several of these medicines could be produced much more efficiently than with the technologies currently used. Some of the potential changes that can be brought about in milk are listed in Table 1. 

The combination of respiratory and metabolic alkalosis is the most common mixed acid-base disorder. This mixed disorder occurs frequently in critically ill surgical patients with respiratory alkalosis caused by mechanical ventilation, hypoxia, sepsis, hypotension, neurologic damage, pain, or drugs, and with metabolic alkalosis caused by vomiting or nasogastric suctioning and massive blood transfusions. It may also occur in patients with hepatic cirrhosis who hyperventilate, receive diuretics, or vomit, as well as in patients with chronic respiratory acidosis and an elevated plasma bicarbonate concentration... 

Why is artificial blood needed The fear of blood transfusions is on the rise. Even though many safeguards are used, people are afraid of contracting diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis. Shortages of certain types of blood occur frequently, especially if a catastrophic disaster happens. Some people think the solution to these problems is artificial blood. Researchers have invested hundreds of millions of dollars to develop such a substance. 

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