Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan

Robinson MJ, Tessier P, Poulsom R, Hogg N. 2002. The S100 family heterodimer, MRP-8/14, binds with high affinity to heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans on endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 277(5) 3658—3665. 

Liu, D., Shriver, Z., Qi, Y., Venkataraman, G., and Sasisekharan, R. (2002). Dynamic regulation of tumor growth and metastasis by heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 28, 67-78. 

These are either integral membrane proteoglycans or are linked to the membrane via a phosphatidylinositol moiety. They appear to serve as receptors for growth factors and other components of the extracellular matrix, for cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, and as receptors for other cell-cell interaction molecules. Usually it is the heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan that is the interactive agent, although chondroitin sulfate and the core proteins have also been shown to function in this manner under some conditions. In addition there are reports of free glycosaminoglycan chains found in cell surfaces [147]. Their source and functions are unclear. 

Spear PG, Shieh MT, Herold BC, WuDunn D, Koshy TI. Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans as primary cell surface receptors for herpes simplex virus. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992 313 341-353. 

There are other glycosaminoglycans. Hyaluronic acid [9004-61-9] occurs both free and in noncovalent association with proteoglycan molecules. Heparin [9005-49-6] and heparan sulfate [39403-40-2] also known as heparitin sulfate [9050-30-0] occur in mast cells and in the aorta, Hver, and lungs. 

Danaparoid (Orgaran mean MW, 6,000 Da) is a mixture of nonheparin glycosaminoglycans derived from pig gut (dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate). Die anti-Xa/anti-IIa ratio (22 1) is even greater than seen with LMWH. Die anti-IIa effect may be mediated in part by dermatan sulfate, which catalyzes thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II. 

Fig. 34.—Circular Dichroism of Glycosaminoglycans (a) Hyaluronic Acid (b) Heparan Sulfate from Normal Mammalian Tissue (c) Chondroitin 4-Sulfate (d) Dermatan Sulfate ...

Contamination from other L-iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans (dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate species) cannot usually be lowered below the 1-2% level, unless repeated precipitations or treatments with resin are made. As will be discussed in Section VIII, extensive... 

It is likely that the predominantly positively charged amino acids of TAT and other CPPs will interact with anionic components on the surface of the cell membrane (85). This idea is supported by the observation that cell association with CPP liposomes in glycosaminoglycan-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is greatly reduced and is competitively inhibited by the presence of heparin (88,93). Furthermore, the removal of the heparan sulfate chains by the action of glycosaminoglycan lyase also suppressed the transduction of the TAT protein (94). 

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