Hemoglobin, bacterial

Most nitrites are soluble in water and mildly toxic. Despite their toxicity, nitrites are used in the processing of meat products because they retard bacterial growth and form a pink complex with hemoglobin that inhibits the oxidation of blood (a reaction that would otherwise turn the meat brown). Nitrites are responsible for the pink color of ham, sausages, and other cured meat. 

Endogenous toxins Myoglobin Hemoglobin Drugs Penicillins Ciprofloxacin Sulfonamides Infection Viral Bacterial... 

This theory clearly predicts that the shape of the polymer length distribution curve determines the shape of the time course of depolymerization. For example Kristofferson et al. (1980) were able to show that apparent first-order depolymerization kinetics arise from length distributions which are nearly exponential. It should also be noted that the above theory helps one to gain a better feeling for the time course of cytoskeleton or mitotic apparatus disassembly upon cooling cells to temperatures which destabilize microtubules and effect unidirectional depolymerization. Likewise, the linear depolymerization kinetic model could be applied to the disassembly of bacterial flagella, muscle and nonmuscle F-actin, tobacco mosaic virus, hemoglobin S fibers, and other linear polymers to elucidate important rate parameters and to test the sufficiency of the end-wise depolymerization assumption in such cases. 

After in vivo administration in rats TDA induced formation of both DNA and hemoglobin adducts in a dose-dependent manner. TDA was mutagenic in bacterial assays. ... 

Although nittate was the traditional meat curing salt, Haldane (1901) demonstrated cured meat pigment development by addition of nitrite to hemoglobin. Hoagland (1908) concluded that bacterial or muscle tissue reduction of nitrate... 

Non-catabolic genes for catabolic pathway constructions Bacterial hemoglobin... 

DeModena.J., Gutierrez,S., Velasco, J., Fernandez, F., Fachini,R.,Galazzo,J. Hughes, D. (1993). The production of cephalosporin C by Acremonium chrysogenum is improved by the intracellular expression of a bacterial hemoglobin. Biotechnology, 11, 926-8. 

Khosla, C. Bailey, J. (1988). Heterologous expression of bacterial hemoglobin improves the growth properties of recombinant Escherichia coll Nature, 331, 633-5. 

Khosravi, M., Webster, D. Stark, B. (1990). Presence of the bacterial hemoglobin gene improves alpha-amylase production of a recombinant Escherichia coli strain. Plasmid, 24, 190-4. 

Wakabayashi,S. Webster, D. (1986). Primary sequence of a dimeric bacterial hemoglobin from Vitreoscilla. Nature, 322, 481-3. 

More recently, a new test (.HemoQuant) has been developed. This test involves the chemical conversion of stool heme to porphyrins that can be assayed fluorometrically. The Lest also detects porphyrins present in stool as a result of bacterial and enzymatic degradation of hemoglobin as it travels through the intestines. Thus, this new test provides a quantitative measure of all blood that enters the gastrointestinal tract. It appears to be biochemically sound and is considered a methodological breakthrough. 

I, 2, and 3 are correct. Haptoglobin removes hemoglobin, and transferrin mops up Fe3+ and even Fe. These can increase bacterial virulence if not rapidly sequestered. Ferritin is not associated with antibacterial action. 

A major anticipated use of acellular Hb would be for the emergency treatment of patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. The probability of associated bacterial infections in this patient population is high. Thus, the potential for hemoglobin to potentiate or exacerbate bacterial infection has been discussed widely. 

Schultz, S.C. Powell, C.C. Bernard, E. Diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb ) attenuates bacterial translocation in rats. Art. Cells Blood Subs. Immob. Biotech. 1995, 23, 647... 

Su, D. Roth, R.I. Yoshida, M. Levin, I. Hemoglobin increases mortality from bacterial endotoxin. Infect. Immun. 1997, 65 (4), 1258-1266. 

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