Hematopoietic Effects

There is no clinical disease state that is pathognomonic for lead exposure. The neurotoxic effects and hematopoietic effects of lead are well recognized. The primary biomarkers of effect for lead are EP, ALAD, basophilic stippling and premature erythrocyte hemolysis, and presence of intranuclear lead inclusion bodies in the kidneys. Of these, activity of ALAD is a sensitive indicator of lead exposure (Hemberg et al. 1970 Morris et al. 1988 Somashekaraiah et al. 1990 Tola et al. 1973), but the assay can not distinguish between moderate and severe exposure (Graziano 1994). Sensitive, reliable, well-established methods exist to monitor for these biomarkers however, they are not specific for lead exposure. Therefore, there is a need to develop more specific biomarkers of effect for lead. Recent data... 

Moore MR, Goldberg A. 1985. Health implication of the hematopoietic effects of lead. In Mahaffey KR, ed. Dietary and environmental lead Human health effects. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. 

Poulos L, Qammaz S, Athanaselis S, et al. 1986. Statistically significant hematopoietic effects of low blood lead levels. Arch Environ Health 41 384-386. 

Hong, H.L., B.A.Fowler, and G.A.Boorman. 1989. Hematopoietic effects in mice exposed to arsine gas. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 97 173-182. 

Hematologic Effects. Effects of 1,2-dibromoethane on the hematopoietic system of humans exposed by inhalation, oral, or dermal routes have not been described. Results of animal studies are equivocal except that, based on a study in rats, individuals taking disulfiram for alcoholism might be a susceptible human subpopulation at higher risk for adverse hematopoietic effects (Wong et al. 1982) (See Sections 2.6 and 2.7). 

Toxicology. Dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME) at very high concentrations causes narcosis in animals, and it is expected that severe exposure will produce the same effect in humans. Because the propylene glycol ethers are metabolized differently from the ethylene glycol ethers, they are not associated with potent teratogenic, spermatotoxic, or hematopoietic effects. ... 

Mice exposed continuously to 100 ppm or intermittently to 400 ppm for 11 days had histopathologic evidence of brain lesions characterized by degeneration and atrophy of the granular layer of the cerebellum. Daily exposure of mice to 1000 ppm for 2 years induced a functional limb muscle impairment and atrophy of the spleen. At 2400ppm administered daily, there were renal and hematopoietic effects and the mice were moribund by day 9. For rats exposed to 3 500 ppm 6 hours/day for up to 12 days, clinical signs included severe diarrhea, incoordination of the forelimbs, and, in a few animals, hind limb paralysis and convulsions. ... 

In a limited study, lifetime administration of -propyl alcohol by intubation or subcutaneous injection caused severe liver injury, hematopoietic effects, and a number of malignant tumors not found in controls. It was not carcinogenic to mice in a skin painting assay ... 

Toluene exposure does not result in the hematopoietic effects caused by benzene. The myelotoxic effects previously attributed to toluene are judged by more recent investigations to be the result of concurrent exposure to benzene present as a contaminant in toluene solutions. Most of the toluene absorbed from inhalation is metabolized to benzoic acid, conjugated with glycine in the liver to form hippuric acid, and excreted in the urine. The average amount of hippuric acid excreted in the urine by persons not exposed to toluene is approximately 0.7-1.0 g/1 of urine. ... 

Splenic changes include reduced germinal centers after acute (Christian et al. 1986a) and splenic atrophy after chronic (Van Miller et al. 1977) oral exposures in rats. Furthermore, splenic hyperplasia was found in rats orally exposed to a mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD and 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD for an intermediate duration (NCI/NTP 1980). Whether or not the splenic changes were secondary to hematopoietic effects is unclear. 

Veltri S, Smith JW Jr. Interleukin 1 trials in cancer patients a review of the toxicity, antitumor and hematopoietic effects. Stem Cells 1996 14 164-76. 

Abraham N. 1996. Hematopoietic effects of benzene inhalation assessed by long term bone marrow culture. Environ Health Perspect 104 (Suppl 6) 1277-1282. 

The human literature primarily consists of case reports. In the industrial environment, symptoms including headache, numbness, skin irritation and redness, eye irritation and redness, irritation and redness of the upper respiratory tract, bronchitis, dizziness, somnolence, loss of consciousness, hematopoietic effects, gastritis, hepatitis, and neuromuscular changes have been reported. Accidental ingestion of 5-10 ml of a cleaning agent containing chlorobenzene caused loss of consciousness, vascular paralysis, and heart failure in a child ( 2 years old). 

Examinations of male and female workers exposed to methoxyethanol reveal hematopoietic effects manifested as anemia and alterations in numbers of white... 

Adverse hematopoietic effects (e.g., aplastic, anemia, pancytopenia) that ultimately led to deaths were reported in the Ah-nonresponsive strains of mice. DBA/2N. and AKR/N, following oral... 

Which agents cause delayed hematopoietic effects ... 

HEALTH SYMPTOMS inhalation (headache, lightheadedness, dizziness, incoordination, fainting, coughing, wheezing, irritates eyes, nose and throat) contact (central nervous system depression, sensitization of skin, skin allergies) ingestion(possible hematopoietic effects, headache, lightheadedness, other symptoms parallel those of inhalation). 

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization and dermatitis liquid may cause defatting of skin substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans (has caused nasal cancer in animals) experimental reproductive effects have been reported possible hematopoietic effects may occur. 

Nitrous oxide (CAS 10024-97-2) A CNS depressant. Hematopoietic effects from chronic exposure include megaloblastic anemia. Substance abuse has resulted in neuropathies. May have an adverse effect on human fertility and fetal development. See also p 282. 50 ppm Coloriess gas. Sweet odor. Not combustible. Widely used as an anesthetic gas in dendstiy, and a popular dmg of abuse. 

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