Heavy super

In the preparation of this edition, we are indebted for much help to many of our colleagues, and in particular to Dr. P. Sykes, Dr. F. B. Kipping, Dr. P. Alaitland, Dr. J. Harley-Mason and Dr. R. E. D. Clark. We have maintained the standard which was self-imposed when this book was first written, namely, that all the experiments in the book had been critically examined, and then performed either by the authors, or under their super vision. The heavy load of work which this has involved would have been impossible without the willing, patient, and very considerable help of Mr. F. C. Baker and Mr. F. E. G. Smith. 

In contrast to heavy-duty conventional or (super)compact detergents, alkanesulfonates are well suited as cost-limiting ingredients in personal care products. Consequently, there are a lot of proposals to formulate shampoos, shower products, and bubble baths (cf. Refs. 78 and 79). Examples of basic formulations are given in Table 24. The commercialization of such formulations, mostly as no-name brands, is, however, only marginal. Some new aspects have been... 

Okumura [49] in his report A Super Concentrated Heavy Duty Powder Detergent Containing Palm-MES, Production and Performance cites the annual production of MES to be approximately 70,000 tons. New formulations of MES have been successfully introduced in the heavy-duty detergent market, showing excellent detergency performance under normal Japanese washing condi-... 

B., Anton, J., Sepp, W.-D. and Jacob, T. (2003) Adsorption of super-heavy elements on metal surfaces. European Physical Journal D, 24, 65-67. 

The matter that made up the solar nebula from which the solar system was formed already was the product of stellar birth, aging and death, yet the Sun is 4.5 billion years old and will perhaps live to be 8 billion years but the Universe is thought to be 15 billion years old (15 Gyr) suggesting that perhaps we are only in the second cycle of star evolution. It is possible, however, that the massive clouds of H atoms, formed in the close proximity of the early Universe, rapidly formed super-heavy stars that had much shorter lifetimes and entered the supernova phase quickly. Too much speculation becomes worrying but the presence of different elements in stars and the subsequent understanding of stellar evolution is supported by the observations of atomic and molecular spectra within the light coming from the photosphere of stars. 

There are other series of elements that appear separately in the periodic table, namely the lanthanide series and the actinide series. The superactinide series and the super heavy elements (SHE) are additional series of newly discovered elements. These series of elements are extensions to the normal periodic order of the periodic table. 

Super heavy elements (SHE) and possible future elements may someday be discovered beyond element 118. 

Lithium aluminum deuteride (LiAlD ) is used as a source of deuterium atoms (heavy hydrogen, D-2) to produce tritium (jT-3) (super heavy hydrogen) for coohng nuclear reactors. 

The Superactinides (Super Heavy Elements) and Possible Future Elements... 

There is some question regarding where the transactinide series ends and where the superactinide series and super heavy elements (also known as SHE) begin. Some references start the superactinides and SHEs at Z-114, Z-123, or Z-126, and others start at Z-141 and continue to Z-153, or even higher to Z-202. These series of elements are characterized by single electrons successively added to inner shells and orbital of the atom until they are fiUed. This is somewhat similar to the way electrons are added to the atoms of the lanthanide and actinide series. 

A joint Russian and American team of physicists created two new super heavy elements—115 and 113—that provide more support for the island of stability concept. The experiments were conducted between July 14 and August 10 in 2003, but the results of the experiments were not published until February 2004. The experiments were conducted in the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, and also involved the scientists of the Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory located at Berkeley, California. Only four atoms of two isotopes of ununpentium (element 115) were produced, and the results were published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Following is the nuclear reaction that produced these four atoms ... 

Transactini(le, Superactinide, and Super Heavy Elements beyond Lawrencium 103 are all made artificially and in minute amounts. All are unstable and radioactive with very short half-lives. 

Note Superactinides and super heavy elements (SHE) are elements beyond lawrencium 103- All are artificially produced, unstable, and radioactive and have very short half-lives. Most are made in small amounts, even one atom at a time. 

Energy levels of heavy and super-heavy (Z>100) elements are calculated by the relativistic coupled cluster method. The method starts from the four-component solutions of the Dirac-Fock or Dirac-Fock-Breit equations, and correlates them by the coupled-cluster approach. Simultaneous inclusion of relativistic terms in the Hamiltonian (to order o , where a is the fine-structure constant) and correlation effects (all products smd powers of single and double virtual excitations) is achieved. The Fock-space coupled-cluster method yields directly transition energies (ionization potentials, excitation energies, electron affinities). Results are in good agreement (usually better than 0.1 eV) with known experimental values. Properties of superheavy atoms which are not known experimentally can be predicted. Examples include the nature of the ground states of elements 104 md 111. Molecular applications are also presented. 

High-Accuracy Calculations for Heavy and Super-Heavy Elements 317... 

---