Heavy properties

In the loess region of northwest China, the rainfall distribution is uneven, mainly concentrated in July to September, of which most is rainstorm. The susceptibility to landsliding of shallow loess slopes is closely related to the rainfall duration, the rainfall intensity, and the rainfall distribution. Rainfall is one of the most active factors for the development of landslide. Every year loess landslides have caused great casualty and heavy property loss. Therefore, Rainfall-induced landslide forecast of the loess region is particularly important. 

Compilation of physical properties for 321 heavy hydrocarbons. Vapor pressures at low pressures. ... 

If the light and heavy key components form an azeotrope, then something more sophisticated than simple distillation is required. The first option to consider when separating an azeotrope is exploiting change in azeotropic composition with pressure. If the composition of the azeotrope is sensitive to pressure and it is possible to operate the distillation over a range of pressures without any material decomposition occurring, then this property can be used to... 

The properties linked to storage and distribution do not directly affect the performance of engines and burners, but they are important in avoiding upstream incidents that could sometimes be very serious. We will examine in turn the problems specific to gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel and heavy fuel. 

Dearomatized or not, lamp oils correspond to petroleum cuts between Cio and C14. Their distillation curves (less than 90% at 210°C, 65% or more at 250°C, 80% or more at 285°C) give them relatively heavy solvent properties. They are used particularly for lighting or for emergency signal lamps. These materials are similar to kerosene solvents , whose distillation curves are between 160 and 300°C and which include solvents for printing inks. 

Properties of cuts Light gasoline Heavy gasoline Kerosene Diesel oil AR VD VR... 

Material balance and properties of the main fractions resulting from primary and secondary fractionation of a 50/50 volume % mixture of Arabian Ligb and heavy crude oil (specific gravity d f = 0.875). 

Product properties Light gasoline Heavy gasoline Diesel oil Residue... 

The products could be classified as a function of various criteria physical properties (in particular, volatility), the way they are created (primary distillation or conversion). Nevertheless, the classification most relevant to this discussion is linked to the end product use LPG, premium gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil, medium and heavy fuels, specialty products like solvents, lubricants, and asphalts. Indeed, the product specifications are generally related to the end use. Traditionally, they have to do with specific properties octane number for premium gasoline, cetane number for diesel oil as well as overall physical properties such as density, distillation curves and viscosity. 

Non-thennal plasmas in contact with insulating walls (substrate) have an important property. The plasma with the hot electrons is positively charged relative to the wall (self-bias). A sheath with a positive space charge and an electric field is fonned between the wall and the plasma. The hot electrons travel faster to the wall than the heavy... 

Ethyl iodide is a heavy liquid, of b.p. 72° and of d, 1 94 insoluble in water, When freshly distilled it is colourless, but on prolonged exposure to light it darkens in colour owing to the liberation of free iodine. Its chemical properties are almost identical with those of ethyl bromide given on pp. 102 and 103. 

Acid amides have weakly amphoteric properties, and thus give salts such as CjHsCONHj.HCl with strong acids, and salts of the type C HsCONHNa with strong bases. These compounds have to be prepared at low temperatures to avoid hydrolysis, and are difficult to isolate. The mercury derivatives can, however, usually be readily prepared, because mercuric oxide is too feebly basic to cause hydrolysis of the amide, and the heavy mercuric derivatives crystallise well. 

Tracer studies using 253Es show that einsteinium has chemical properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element. 

In discussions of the surface properties of solids having a large specific surface, it is convenient to distinguish between the external and the internal surface. The walls of pores such as those denoted by heavy lines in Fig. 1.8 and 1.11 clearly comprise an internal surface and equally obviously the surface indicated by lightly drawn lines is external in nature. In many cases, however, the distinction is not so clear, for the surfaces of the primary particles themselves suffer from imperfections in the forms of cracks and fissures those that penetrate deeply into the interior will contribute to the internal surface, whereas the superficial cracks and indentations will make up part of the external surface. The line of demarcation between the two kinds of surface necessarily has to be drawn in an arbitrary way, but the external surface may perhaps be taken to include all the prominences and all of those cracks which are wider than they are deep.,The internal surface will... 

One of the most significant sources of change in isotope ratios is caused by the small mass differences between isotopes and their effects on the physical properties of elements and compounds. For example, ordinary water (mostly Ej O) has a lower density, lower boiling point, and higher vapor pressure than does heavy water (mostly H2 0). Other major changes can occur through exchange processes. Such physical and kinetic differences lead to natural local fractionation of isotopes. Artificial fractionation (enrichment or depletion) of uranium isotopes is the basis for construction of atomic bombs, nuclear power reactors, and depleted uranium weapons. 

Geometric properties are quite sensitive to the basis set chosen, including the presence or absence of polarization functions (additional s and -type functions on H and on heavy atoms). 

Theophrastos (272—287 Bc) studied the utilisation of acetic acid to make white lead and verdigris [52503-64-7]. Acetic acid was also weU-known to alchemists of the Renaissance. Andreas Libavius (ad 1540—1600) distinguished the properties of vinegar from those of icelike (glacial) acetic acid obtained by dry distillation of copper acetate or similar heavy metal acetates. Numerous attempts to prepare glacial acetic acid by distillation of vinegar proved to be in vain, however. 

W. MbUer and R. Lindner, eds.. Transplutonium 1975, 4th International Transplutonium Element Symposium, Proceedings of the Symposium at Baden Baden September 13—17, 1975 W. MbUer and H. Blank, eds.. Heavy Element Properties, 4th International Transplutonium Element Symposium, 5th International Conference on Plutonium and Other Hctinides 1975, Proceedings of the Joint Session of the Baden Baden Meetings September 13, 1975, North-HoUand Publishing Co., Amsterdam, American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York. 

Owing to its properties, methanol is not recommended for aircraft or marine fuel uses. Methanol caimot be used in conventional diesel-powered vehicles without modifications to the fuel system and engine. Simple methanol—diesel blends are not possible because of insolubiUty. Heavy-duty diesel engines have been adapted to use neat methanol by many U.S. manufacturers, and several are being used in field demonstrations (82) (see Alcohol fuels). 

Hafnium [7440-58-6] Hf, is in Group 4 (IVB) of the Periodic Table as are the lighter elements zirconium and titanium. Hafnium is a heavy gray-white metallic element never found free in nature. It is always found associated with the more plentiful zirconium. The two elements are almost identical in chemical behavior. This close similarity in chemical properties is related to the configuration of the valence electrons, and for zirconium and... 

In addition to H2, D2, and molecular tritium [100028-17-8] the following isotopic mixtures exist HD [13983-20-5] HT [14885-60-0] and DT [14885-61-1]. Table 5 Hsts the vapor pressures of normal H2, D2, and T2 at the respective boiling points and triple points. As the molecular weight of the isotope increases, the triple point and boiling point temperatures also increase. Other physical constants also differ for the heavy isotopes. A 98% ortho—25/q deuterium mixture (the low temperature form) has the following critical properties = 1.650 MPa(16.28 atm), = 38.26 K, 17 = 60.3 cm/mol3... 

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