Heavy metals in natural waters

Table 9. Representative Concentration of Some Dissolved Heavy Metals in Natural Waters...

Moore, J.W. Romamoarthy. Heavy Metals in Natural Waters Applied Monitoring and Impact Assessment. Springer - Verlog NY, 1984 1-268. 

Although anodic stripping voltammetry is one of the few techniques suitable for the direct determination of heavy metals in natural waters [310,756-764], it is not readily adaptable to in situ measurements. Lieberman and Zirino [623] examined a continuous flow system for the anodic stripping voltammetry determination of zinc in seawater, using a tubular graphite electrode predeposited with mercury. A limitation of the approach was the need to pump seawater to the measurement cell, while the method required the removal of oxygen with nitrogen before measurements. 

Moore J, Ramamoorthy S (1984) Heavy metals in natural waters. Applied monitoring and impact assessment. Springer, New York... 

Davies, P.H. 1976. Use of dialysis tubing in defining the toxic fractions of heavy metals in natural waters. Pages 110-117 in R.W. Andrew, P.V. Hodson, and D.E. Konasewich (eds.). Toxicity to Biota of Metal Forms in Natural Water. Proc. Workshop, Duluth, MN, October 7-8, 1975, Great Lakes Res. Advis. Bd., Int. Joint Comm. 

The sorptive nature of bacterial or algal exterior membranes is well-documented [118-122]. Biological particles can influence the distribution of heavy metals in natural waters because the functional groups on the cell surfaces are able to bind certain metal ions [124]. 

Belmont-Hebert, C., Tercier, M.-L., Buffle, J., Fiaccabrino, G.C., de Rooij, N.F. and Koudelka-Hep, M. (1998) Gel-integrated microelectrode arrays for direct voltammetric measurements of heavy metals in natural waters and other complex media. Anal. Chem., 70, 2949-2956. 

A. M. Mota, L. Simaes Gonsalves, Direct method of speciation of heavy metals in natural waters, in S. Caroli (ed.), Element Speciation in Bioinorganic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1996, pp. 21-96. 

Discuss some of the advantages and some of the disadvantages of using hydrogen sulfide to precipitate heavy metals in natural waters. 

Vne of the common problems encountered in studies of aqueous geo-chemistry and water pollution is proper identification of a particular species of an element or compound that may be present in the system. The use of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to determine the presence and concentration of equilibrium and/or nonequilibrium metal species in natural water systems has not been adequately investigated. Coincidentally, Mn2, one of the easiest elemental species to detect by ESR, is also one of the dissolved species of considerable concern in problems related to heavy metal pollution and aqueous geochemistry. Furthermore, with proper design there exists the possibility of using electron spin resonance as the basis of a remote monitoring system for the detection of appropriate heavy metals in natural water systems. 

Mota am and Simaes-Goncalves ML (1996) Direct methods for speciation of heavy metals in natural waters. In Caroli S, ed. Element speciation in bioorganic chemistry, pp. 21—96. John Wiley Sons Inc, New York. 

Batley, G.E. and Farrar, Y.J. (1978). Irradiation techniques for the release of bound heavy metals in natural waters and blood. Anal. Chem. Acta 99, 283. 

Moore, J.W., Ramamoorthy, S., 1983. Heavy Metals in Natural Waters. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 125-160. 

The concept that free radicals are important intermediates in photochemical and other redox interactions of oxygen, organic compounds and heavy metals in natural waters has received considerable support recently ((1-3) and references therein this volume). Some of the major primary radicals expected are hydroxyl (OH), superoxide (02 ). and various organic moieties (R, RO, ROO). Of these, OH is of interest because of its extremely high reactivity, significant formation rate from a known source (nitrite photolysis, among others) and the analogy of its known key role in tropospheric chemistry. 

Environmental standards should be set based on the values of chronic toxicity tests. This is because most toxicity from heavy metals in natural water envirOTunents is chronic, rather than acute. However, there is relatively little data for chronic toxicity tests, and the results of the chronic tests are also somewhat unreliable. This is because these tests require a considerable amount of time and effort, and their results tend to be different depending on the conditions of each test. Therefore there is a need to accumulate data for chronic toxicity tests of heavy metals with various fish species. However, there are several problems to be solved such as establishing methods to evaluate chronic toxicity. 

Simultaneous Preconcentration of Heavy Metals in Natural Water... 

W. Niirnberg, Trace analytical procedures with modern voltammetric determination methods for the investigation and monitoring of ecotoxic heavy metals in natural waters and atmospheric precipitates, Sci.Tot.Environ., 37 9 (1984). 

Even though the natural levels of heavy metals are well known (Table 11.1) those from aquatic ecosystems have significantly increased in the last decades simultaneously with the high development of industrial activities and urban developments. So, the necessity to develop analytical methods allows to detect and quantify extremely low levels of heavy metals in natural waters (which could be quiet dangerous for both aquatic biota and human health) that is strongly remarked. 

This volume, a companion to Heavy Metals in Natural Waters, provides a unique review of the principles and methods of monitoring and assessing the pollution of natural waters by organic chemicals. 

Legeai S, Vittori O (2006) A Cu/Nafion/Bi electrode for on-site monitoring of trace heavy metals in natural waters using anodic stripping voltammetry an alternative to mercury-based electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 560 184-190... 

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