Seawater pumps

Energy expenditure for this process is 16-20 kWh per 1 kg of bromine (including seawater pumping). The anion impurity of the product docs not exceed 5%. 

Nutrients were measured in a Technicon AA-II Autoanalyzer every 2 min on a continuous flow of seawater pumped to the instrument. A 2.54-cm inside diameter (ID) nylon hose with the intake at 2.5 m was led on board to a deck-mounted, air-operated double diaphragm pump (Wilden Pump and Engineering Company, Model M-4, Colton, CA). A debubbler... 

Figure 3. Record showing variation with time of mean specific growth rates obtained from groups of juvenile Macrocystis sporophytes cultured in seawater pumped up from depths of 300 m. The batch cultures employed 40 L aquaria with the medium being renewed every other day.

The use of stainless steel in oil production has increased, and is of particular significance for production in deep waters. This applies both to production and process equipment carrying oil and gas and to seawater systems. For seawater systems the experience from nuclear power plants has been useful. In these plants, some high-alloy steels have performed well in equipments such as seawater pumps and heat exchangers. But the performance depends on service conditions, design and combination of materials. On the oil/gas side, good experience has been obtained with 13% Cr steel in production tubing, in components at the wellhead and in well valves. The same can be said about the use of other stainless steels in process systems offshore, but there have been some exceptions. For instance, SCC has occurred on duplex steel (22-5-3) under external heat insulation (compare Section 7.12) [10.11]. 

Yeaple, F. Composites Extend Life of Seawater Pump. Design News, pp. 72-73, Jan. 

The DIN-Mat. No. 2.4856 (NiCr22Mo9Nb), for example, has proved its worth in heavy-duty structural elements of seawater pumps due to its strength and corrosion resistance, even under alternating stresses. It maintains resistance even under critical crevice conditions and stress loads from hydrogen sulphide and is also suitable... 

Recent developments in corrosion-resistant metallic alloys for construction of seawater pumps... 

Weber, J. (1984), Materials for Seawater Pumps and Related Systems Pumps Onshore, Offshore, March 1984, Gol, Norway. 

Costs of operation and maintenance. They are proportional with the main extensive quantity of each component. They are related to seawater pumping and maintenance of the floating covering system. 

If the Fukushima plant was constructed on the raised elevation of the original hillside, the seawater pumps would need a minimum of 4.4 MW of input power, with at least 6000 Hp for the pump motors, to push the water the 35 m uphill. It would not be practical to use a single motor to generate this power, because it would have to be exceptionally large and thus extraordinarily expensive. Instead, the engineers would need to spread this power over several pumps operating in parallel. 

---