Health issues exposure routes

Based on a combination of available human case studies and experiments with laboratory animals, the major public health concerns associated with exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene are effects on the liver, kidneys, and blood. Some immunological, dermatological, and neurological effects have also been reported in exposed humans. There is information from animal studies which raises the question of whether 1,4-dichlorobenzene can cross the placenta and elicit structural effects on the developing fetus. Data from a study conducted in rats using the intraperitoneal route have demonstrated sperm abnormalities. Cancer of the liver as a result of lifetime exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene has been shown in mice, and renal cancer has been reported in male rats. However, recent studies related to the mechanism of renal carcinogenesis in rats suggest that these tumors may not be expected to occur in exposed humans. Issues relevant to children are explicitly discussed in Section 2.6, Children s Susceptibility, and Section 5.6, Exposures of Children. 

The herbicide paraquat (l,l -dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium ion) is used widely in vegetation control programs. It is estimated that paraquat has been used in the United States on 10-12 million acres annually and is registered on 63 crops. Recommended rates vary from 0.25 to 1.5 Ib/acre. Human exposure should be limited during application, due to the toxic nature of paraquat. Most worker exposure studies (1-3) have addressed the issue of occupational body burden idien engaged in paraquat application with conventional spray equipment. Precautions taken to reduce respiratory and dermal routes of entry substantially lower the risk of potential adverse health effects. 

The objective of this section is to elucidate some of the current literature findings of environmental and health/safety issues with airborne nanoparticles. The Uterature review of the most recent articles in this area includes topics related to the multiple components of the risk assessment framework. This includes such important aspects as particle characteristics effecting toxicity, their fate and transport throughout the environment, the routes of exposure and the metrics by which exposure ought to be measured and the mechanisms of translocation to different parts of the body. In addition, recent studies are presented that involve the characterization of nanoparticles in the workplace during different operations and conditions. 

It is the employer s responsibility to establish procedure for evaluating exposure incidents. When evaluating an exposure incident, thorough assessment and confidentiality are critical issues. At the time of the exposru e incident, the exposed employee must be directed to a health care professional. The employer must provide the health care professional with a copy of the bloodbome pathogens standard, a description of the employee s job duties as they relate to the incident, a report of the specific exposure (accident report), including route of exposure, and relevant employee medical records, including hepatitis B vaccination status. 

Health risks associated with pesticide exposure are weU known environmental issues. The most common routes of exposure of pesticides are inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact [141], Human body carries a mixture of environmental contaminants. The persistent chemicals which are found in many bodies of water and hazardous waste sites are present in the blood of almost living human being [142]. 

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