Hazard evaluation toxicity

Gilles D. 1976. Health hazard evaluation Toxicity determination report 75-147-318. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh, PA. Cincinnati, OH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NTIS PB264802. 

Markel HL, Ligo RN, Lucas JB. 1977. Health hazard evaluation/toxicity determination report 75-117-372. North Little Rock, Arkansas Koppers Company, Inc. 

It is important to remember that some materials of low acute toxicity may have a significant potential for producing harmful effects by repeated exposure, and vice versa. This stresses the need for a complete overview of the toxicity of a chemical by acute and repeated exposure in the process of hazard evaluation. 

For a variety of reasons it is difficult to precisely evaluate toxic responses caused by exposures (particularly acute ones) to hazardous chemicals. Five of these toxic responses are briefly discussed below. 

Schimmel SC, Patrick JM Jr, Wilson AJ Jr. 1977. Acute toxicity to and bioconcentration of endosulfan by estuarine animals. In Mayer EL, Hamelink JL, eds. Aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation, ASTM STP 634. Philadelphia, PA American Society for Testing and Materials, 241-252. 

Oris, J.T. and Giesy, J.P. (1986). Photoinduced toxicity of antracene to juvenile bluegill sun-fish photoperiod effects and predictive hazard evaluation. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5, 761-768. 

The index works out at 21 classified as Fight . Ammonia would not normally be considered a dangerously flammable material the danger of an internal explosion in the reactor is the main process hazard. The toxicity of ammonia and the corrosiveness of nitric acid would also need to be considered in a full hazard evaluation. 

Babrauskas, V. Levin, B.C. Gann, R.G. A New Approach to Fire Toxicity Data for Hazard Evaluation, Fire Journal 1987, 81, 22-71. Also in ASTM Stand. News 1986, 14, 28-33. 

In monitoring and evaluating the hazards of toxic substances, impurities are an area of concern. Industrial chemicals are likely to be a major source of mutagenic impurities. The Salmonella test can be used in the design of industrial syntheses and as a batch process monitor to minimize the introduction of mutagenic impurities. 

Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, US EPA, OSHA, Div of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, NIOSH, CDC Occupational fatalities associated with 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) exposure, 1980-1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 49(23) 516-518,Jun 16, 2000... 

Toxic Substances Control Act. EPA regulates the manufacture, use, and exposure to hazardous or toxic chemicals under a number of laws. For the chemical industry, the law of prime concern is the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) (10), which was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1976. The two main goals of TSCA are acquisition of sufficient information to identify and evaluate potential hazards from chemical substances, and regulation of the... 

Laboratory rodents are the animal models most commonly used to identify hazards in reproductive toxicity. Rodents are used because they are small animals, the assay cost is moderate and there is a large database of toxicology information on these species (e.g., dose-response, metabolism, kinetics, etc.). The rat has proven to be a good model for human reproductive hazard evaluation (Francis et al., 1990). 

Expanding the scope of FIFRA/GLP to include environmental and chemical fate studies will take time. It will mean that studies described by EPA Hazard Evaluation Division, Office of Pesticide and Toxic Substances,for Environmental Fate and Residue Chemistry must meet the requirements outlined in the FIFRA/GLPs, and that... 

The Ministry of Industry has established quality standards and control of industries and factories involved with chemicals, particularly those generating hazardous or toxic chemicals under the provision of the Factory Act of 1969 (amended in 1972, 1975, 1979, and 1992). The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives has the authority to control toxic substances in agriculture, particularly pesticides. Under the same Act, the Ministry of Public Health also controls the toxic substances used as consumer products and for some purposes of human health. After 1992, those ministries included a lot of hazardous substances in the Ministerial Notification by periodically following the evaluation of such substances, either old or newly introduced. 

Zeeman M, Gilford J. 1993. Ecological hazard evaluation and risk assessment under EPA s Toxic Substances Control Act (INV) an introduction. In Lewis MA, editor. Environmental toxicology and risk assessment. Philadelphia (PA) American Society for Testing and Materials, p 7-21. 

When making comparisons of lethal toxicity, it must be remembered that different mechanisms may be involved with different materials, and these need to be taken into account. Also, comparisons of acute toxicity should take note of differences in time to death, since marked differences in times between dosing and death may influence hazard evaluation procedures and their implications. In a few instances, it may be possible to calculate two LD ( values for mortality one based on early death due to one mechanism, and a second based on delayed deaths due to a different mechanism (69). 

Every year, the U.S. Navy screens hundreds of chemical substances for potential toxicity to determine whether they can be used safely in the workplace. Although the Navy reviews available data on the reproductive and developmental toxicity potential of those agents, its health hazard evaluation process is not currently designed to emphasize assessment of reproductive and developmental effects. 

Because the Navy wishes to protect its male and female military and civilian personnel from reproductive and developmental hazards, it seeks to incorporate a formalized, state-of-the-art process for identifying hazards in its current health hazard evaluation process. Therefore, the Navy requested that the National Research Council (NRC) recommend an approach that can be used to evaluate agents for potential reproductive and developmental toxicity. The NRC assigned this project to the Committee on Toxicology, which convened the Subcommittee on Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. The... 

The Dow index applies only to main process units and does not cover process auxiliaries. Also, only fire and explosion hazards are considered. Recently the index has been expanded to include business-interruption losses. The principles and general approach used in the Dow method of hazard evaluation have been further developed by Mond in the United Kingdom to include toxicity hazards. This revised Mond index is described in a paper by Lewis ... 

These and other complicating factors may frustrate the practice of ecotoxicology. Nevertheless, well-founded approaches have been developed for evaluating toxic effects, providing reliable data for hazardous waste management decision-making. These approaches are discussed below. 

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